흰쥐 심방벽 소혈관 분포의 특징

이무삼,이흥철,송창호,고병문,김봉천,정철현 대한해부학회 1995 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.28 No.1

韓國經濟開發計劃과 財政의 經濟的役割(Ⅲ) : 1982 ~ 1991

韓鳳洙,李龍三 大邱大學校 社會科學硏究所 1998 社會科學硏究 Vol.5 No.4

韓國은 1980年을 전후한 정치적인 대변혁과 경제여건의 변화에 따라 새로운 정책기조와 '파라다임'이 요구되었다. 과거 네 차례에 걸친 經濟開發5個年計劃과는 달리 第5次計劃부터는 그 동안의 구조적인 문제점을 해결하는 기간으로 볼 수 있다. 특히 정치 및 경제영역에서 민주화와 형평성을 요구하기 시작하였던 것이다. 第5次計劃期間에는 국제수지의 흑자에 의하여 미국을 비롯한 무역상대국으로부터 수입자유화의 압력과 경제구조의 재조정을 요구받았고 第6次計劃期間중에는 3低인 저유가, 저환율, 저국제금리에 힘입어 급속한 수출증대를 달성하였으나 1989년부터 換率上昇과 賃金上昇으로 國際競爭力이 약화되어 수출증가율은 둔화되고 수입증가율이 상승하여 國際收支가 급격히 악화되었다. 이러한 經濟開發計劃을 성공시키기 위해서는 무엇보다 財政運營의 役割이 중요시되었다. 특히 韓國의 財政規模는 1989年이후 1991年에 이르기까지 年20% 이상의 빠른 속도로 증가되었다. 따라서 본 論文에서는 1982~'91年의 韓國經濟開發計劃에 있어서 중요한 기능을 한 財政의 經濟的 役割을 살펴보고자 하는 것이 목적이다.

남북한 경제현황과 경제교류

한봉수,이용삼 大邱大學校 社會科學硏究所 1999 社會科學硏究 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구는 남북한 경제현황과 경제교류 및 남북한재정 및 국방비 등을 고찰하고 북한경제의 활성화 방안을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 남북한은 해방이후 분단을 계기로 자본주의시장경제체제와 사회주의계획경제체제라는 각각 다른 경제체제를 가지고 있기 때문에 남북한경제는 기본적으로 서로 다른 특성을 가지고 경제를 운용하여 왔다. 북한의 경제상황은 폐쇄적이고 비효율적인 경제정책으로 인하여 1990년이후1998년까지 '마이너스' 경제성장을 지속하고 있는 등 경제적으로 어려움을 겪고있으며 한편으로는 현재 진행되고 있는 경수로사업 등을 비롯하여 최근 민간차원의 금강산종합개발계획 및 공단개발계획 등은 정부의 햇볕정책 및 정경분리정책과 맞물려 북한경제의 개방가능성을 엿보게 한다. 따라서 이와같은 한반도의 특수한 경제적 상황을 고려하여 통일정책이 수립되어야 할 것이다. 위기의 북한경제를 회복시키기 위해서는 외자유치 및 민간차원의 남북경제교류를 더욱 활성화시켜야하며 북한경제가 회복 및 성장되어야 남북한의 통일과정에서 발생되는 재정부담이 경감될 것이다.

英語의 省略에 관하여

李鳳三 檀國大學校英美文化硏究所 1984 英美文化 Vol.3 No.-

There are two types of ellipsis in English: the one dependent on linguistic context and the other on non-linguistic context. The deleted elements in the former are easily recoverable from the grammatical structures, while those in the later are not. The ellipsis dependent on the linguistic context can be classified into six parts: the ellipsis in 1)adverbial clause, 2)relative clause, 3)comparative clause, 4)supplementing clause, 5)appended clause, and 6)coordinate clause, The ellipsis dependent on non-linguistic context can be classified into three parts: the ellipsis in 1)dialogue, 2)formulaic expression, and 3)Block Language. 1. The deleted elements in an adverbial clause are easily recoverable, for they are the same lexical items as in the matrix sentence. When the lexical items in the VP of the adverbial clause are the same as those in the main clause, they are deleted under the deletion rule of DELETION UNDER IDENTITY, However, when the phonological form of the lexical items is a combined form of the two lexical categories, Aux(INFL) and V of the VP in the adverbial clause when the V is not the Empty Category of ‘BE’, the deletion rule does not apply to it. In an infinitive clause, the deletion of the VP is the same as in the finite clause except the ‘to’ which remains after the deletion. The subject of the infinitive is usually PRO, and the Complementizer is ‘for’ which assigns ‘Objective Case’ to the subject of the infinitive with the verb of the matrix sentence. The deletion of COMP usually depends on the subcategorization features of the matrix verb. The deletion involved in the Verbless Clause, sometimes called ‘Small Clause’, is actually the deletion of ‘INFL+V’ when the V is an Empty Category of ‘BE’. To give a full explanation to the deletion in the complicated structure of ‘too-to’ construction, it is necessary to introduce the Empty Category of ‘Operator’ to see the relation between the deleted element and its trace, which is also called ‘Parasitic gap’. In a participial clause, the deletion of ‘INFL+V’, when the V is an Empty category of ‘BE’, is the same as in the infinitive clause. The subordinator can be deleted according to the semantic features of the verb in the matrix sentence. 2. When there is already a Complementizer in COMP, the relative pronoun of ‘wh-phrase’, which is moved into COMP via Wh-Movement, should be deleted to avoid the violation of the MULTIPLY FILLED COMP FILTER; When there is no Complementizer, the deletion of ‘wh-phrase’, sometimes called ‘wh-relative’, is optional as long as it does not violate the EMPTY SUBJECT FILTER. 3. The deletion in the comparative clause is a ‘Wh-Deletion’, for the items compared in the comparative clause is a ‘wh-phrase’ which behaves like ‘that’, thus becoming a variable which can be moved into COMP via Wh-Movement. 4. The deletion in a supplementing clause or an appended clause involves the deletion of the same lexical items as in the preceding matrix sentences via DELETION UNDER INDENTITY. 5. The deletion in coordinate clauses also observes the DELETION UNDER IDENTITY and can be easily recoverable. It follows the general deletion principle that only the constituents or lexical items in the identical Phrase Category can be deleted. 6. Finally, the deletion in dialogue, formulaic expression, and Block Language can not be easily explained in terms of the syntactic description of the grammatical structure alone. In other words, the deleted elements are not easily recoverable through the analysis of the syntactic structure; instead, they can be recoverable only when the Speaker, the Hearer, and the Situation are all considered in connection with the elliped clause, thus requiring both the theory of psycholinguistics and that of socio-linguistics. It is expected that the further study in this field will clarify some of the problems which this paper could not handle or overlooked or inadequately described in the near future.

英國 大學入學資格 英語試驗問題의 分析

李鳳三 단국대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the theorertical backgeounds of language testing and to analyse the test items in the Certificate of Proficiency in English, prepared by the University of Cambridge in England, to see whether such testing items are applicable to the preparation of langiage testing items for the college entrance examination in Korea. Seen from the theoretical point of view, a lauguage test can be interpreted as an investigation of the human nature itself, for it tries to measure man's underlying competence, that is, man's ability to speak, understand, and think. Thus, the objectives of language testing correspond with the beneral goals of language teaching. Language testing deals with not only the linguistic problems but also the psychological and sociological problems, for language involves all the human affairs. One of the most important things to consider in preparing language testing is to provide a meaningful situation, for there will be no communication without a meaningful situation, that is, there is no linguistics property in the test. The main roles of language testing are 1) setting up specific goals of language teaching, 2) stimulating learning activities, and 3) measuring achievement in language learning. Thus, language testing is closely related with educational goals of a nation as well a learner's psychology and personality. There are five types of language testing: 1) aptitude 2) progress, 3) achievement 4) proficiency, and 5) diagnostic, and each of them has its own merits and demerits depending on the nature of the test, but all correspond with their educational objectives. Another classification of language testing, 1) pretest 2) Post-test, is very significant in preparing testing items, for if we try to set up a language teching program we should know exactly what to teach and whom to teach. In other words, we must give prospective students a pretest before we make a lesson plan, prepare teaching materials, write a textbook, ect. In the same way, a post-test is crucial in measuring the degree of attainment of educational goals of language teaching. The results of the analysis of the testing items in Certificate of Proficiency in English are as follow: 1. Composition is an ideal test to measure both linguistic and communicative competence of an examinee. Its weakness lies in the fact that it requires too much time in granding and its reliability is very low. 2. Reading comprehension is very reccmmendable because the relibitity is very high and the grading is very simple as the testing items are all objective. 3. Use of English very ideal in that it can mesure not only the linguistic and communicative competence of an examinee but his power of reasoning. Its weakness like composition lies in the difficulty of grading and the lack of reliability. 4. Listening comprehension is just like TOEFL except one thing, that is, the examiner should read the passages for the examiness in a small classroom wheras in the TOEFL all the passage are recorded in advance. The number of the examiness is also limited to 30. The merit of this kind of test is that the examiness will hear clear pronunciation of a native speaker. This test is ihapplicable to a situation where a large unmber of the examiness should take the exam simultaneously like the the college entrance exam in Korea. 5. Interview is really an ideal oral test, for it can not only measure the listening ability but also the speaking ablilty of the examinee. The dialogue about a photograph or the examiner's own comment on a given situation is an idee test to measure one's communicative competence and his understanding of the culture of the target language. The only weakness in this kind of test is the difficulty of grading when there are too many examinees.

受動文 考察

李鳳三 단국대학교 1972 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

영어 학습의 새 방안

이봉삼 단국대학교 1997 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

This paper is an attempt to present a new method of learning English for a Korean adult by comparing the sound systems and the grammatical structures of the two languages in order to minmize the problems involved in learning English. The result is as follows: 1. The result of the contrastive analysis of the sound systems of the two languages shows that there are 10 consonants and 6 vowels in English which lack in Korean. Thus, 16 new Korean characters are devised in order to distinquish them from the similar sounds in English. a. Consonants : ◁표삽입▷원문을 참조하세요 b. Vowels : ◁표삽입▷원문을 참조하세요 2. Following the linguistic theory of Chomsky's Minimalist Program", the basic phrase structure of English is comprised of three parts: (1) Specifier, (2) Head, and (3) Supplement. 3. The basic sentence elements are (1) Subject, (2) Inflection, (3) Verb (4) Object, (5) Complement, and (6) Adverbial. The Adjunct is an optional element. 4. The basic sentence patterns are (1) SIV, (2) SIVC, (3) SIVA, (4) SIVO, (5) SIVOO, (6) SIVOC, (7) SIVOA. 5. The 'Infinite Phrase' and the 'Participial Phrase' in the traditional grammar should be considered as clauses, for these structures are the same as clauses because they both have an 'empty category' which is filled by an invisible pronoun PRO.

인공 건조법에 의한 마른 명태의 품질 개선에 관한 연구 : 1. 열풍 건조중의 명태의 핵산 관련 물질 및 유리 아미노산의 변화 1. Changes of Nucleotides and Their Related Compounds and Free Amino Acid Composition of Alaska Pollack during Hot-air Dehydration

金敬三,梁升澤,金用根,韓鳳浩,李應昊 釜山水産大學校 1972 釜山水産大學 硏究報告 Vol.12 No.1

북양산 냉동명태를 원료로서 열풍건조법으로 마른명태를 가공하였을 때, 건조중의 핵산관련물질 및 유리아미노산의 변화를 실험하였다. 원료육중에는 inosine 함량이 가장 많아 건물증량 기준으로 13.5μmole/g였고, 다음으로 함량이 높은 IMP였는데 5.1μmole/g로서 비교적 낮은 값이었다. 열풍건조중 IMP는 급격히 감소하여 잔존량은 14%에 불과하였으며, inosine은 건조중 50%감소하였다. 한편 hypoxanthine는 약 5배 증가하여 건물중량 기준으로 16.9μmole/g 였다. 건조후 3개월간 저장중에는 건조직후와 비교할 때 핵산관련물질의 변화는 거의 없었다. 그리고 원료 명태 육중의 유리아미노산 조성은 taurine이 가장 많아 전 유리아미노산의 40%를 차지하고 alanine, glycine, glutamic acid가 그 다음이고 비교적 함량이 낮은 것은 lysine, serine, histidine이며, 함량이 극히 낮은 것은 valine, aspartic acid, threonine, isoleucine, leucine등이었다. 열풍 건조중 유리아미노산의 질적 변화는 없었으며. 원료육 유리아미노산에 대하여 건조중 유리아미노산양이 20% 증가하였다. In this paper, the changes of nucleotides and their related compounds and free amino acid composition of Alaska Pollack muscle during hot-air dehydration and storage for three months were determined. The results showed that the contents of inosine and IMP in defrosted sample were 13.5 and 5.1 μmole/g respectively on dry base, and followed by hypoxanthine in order. ATP, ADP and AMP was very low in content. IMP and inosine tended to degrade rapidly during hot-air dehydration while hypoxanthine increased about five times. But the quantitative changes of nucleotides and their related compounds in the muscle of hot-air dehydrated Alaska Pollack during storage were not detected. Taurine was abundant in the muscle extracts, showing 40% of the total amino acid content and followed by alanine, glycine and glutamic acid. Lysine, serine and histidine were low in content respectively, and valine, aspartic acid, threonine and leucine were very poor. The qualitative change in the pattern of free amino acid composition of muscle extracts was not observed during hot-air dehydration. The increase of the total free amino acid during hot-air dehydration was approximately 20%.

냉동 제대혈 세포의 체외 증폭

김삼용,김철희,배광봉,김현수,박상준,김종숙,윤환중,조덕연 충남대학교 암연구소 1998 癌共同硏究所 硏究誌 Vol.2 No.1

Background : Cord blood(CB), which has no HLA restriction, is an alternative to bone marrow for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The use of cord blood, however, is limited by the number of progenitor/stem cells necessary to reconstitute the older child or adult. Therefore, ex vivo expansion of CB could have tremendous impact on diverse clinical settings. We studied the ex vivo expansion of isolated population of CD34_(+) cells from cryopreserved CB cells. Methods : CD34 cells were isolated from cryopreserved CB mononuclear cells. Purified cells were cultured with various combinations of hematopoietic growth factors including erythropoietin(EPO), stem cell factor(SCF), granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF), gra-nulocyte, macrophage-colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), 1L-3, and IL-6. After 7, 10 or 14 days of culture, the fold increases of colony-forming unit- granu-locyte, macrophage(CFU-GM), burst-forming unit-erythroid(BFU-E), colony-forming unit-mix (CFU-Mix), and high proliferative potential colony-forming cell(HPP-CFC) were evaluated. Results : Ten-day culture with the combination of EPO, SCF, G-CSF, IL-1β, and IL-3 resulted in a median of 60-fold increase of CFU-GM, which was greater than those with the combinations of less than 5 growth factors. The addition of IL-6 or GM-CSF to this combination did not enhance CFU-GM expansion. Ten-day culture was significantly superior to 7-day culture for CFU-GM expansion. Prolongation of culture to 14 days, however, revealed decreased expansion of CFU-GM compared to 10 days. BFU-E and CFU-Mix were expanded to 2~5 folds in 7-day culture with the combination of EPO, SCF, and G-CSF. Further expansion was not achieved in 10-day culture and colonies disappeared in 14-day culture. HPP-CFC was expanded to a median of 7.5 folds in 7-day culture with the combination of EPO, SCF, G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-3, and IL-6. Neither 10-day or 14 day-culture enhanced expansion of HPP-CFU. Conclusion : Cryopreserved cord blood cells maintain ex vivo expansion potential. In our system, 10-day culture with the combination consisting of EPO, SCF, G-CSF, IL-1β, and IL-3 seems to be adequate for hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell expansion from cryopreserved cord blood cells.

英語省略에 관한 歷史的 考察

李鳳三 단국대학교 1987 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

This is a part of a historical survey on ellipsis in English from the period of the traditional grammar to the transformational grammar, covering only the views of the traditional grammarians and the structuralists in this paper and leaving those of the transformationalists to be studied later on a separate paper. 1) The Views of the Traditional Grammarians a. Henry Sweet viewed ellipsis as an omission of a necessary element in a sentence and explained the phenomena in terms of pragmatics rather than syntax. b. Otto Jespersen classified all speech activity into three categories in terms of pragmatics: expression, suppression, and impression. He defined ellipsis as a phenomenon of suppression. The suppression is further classified as prosiopesis, the deletion of the front part of a sentence, and aposiopesis, the deletion of the end part of a sentence. This classification is based on syntax rather than pragmatics. c. George O. Curme classified the clause connected with omission into two: the abridged and the elliptical. The elliptical clause is defined as a clause which lacks a necessary element in a clause or a sentence. He seems to try to find out the cause of ellipsis from a historical point of view, thus, summarizing that ellipsis is a result of an effort to minimize human speech activity. d. R. W. Zandvoort tried to explain ellipsis from the semantical point of view, and held the opinion that elliptical sentences are far more natural than full sentences in ordinary speech. For example, the pronouns which can be inferred from the context should be omitted. However, when he tried to explain the omission of subjects and conjunctions, he dealt with them syntactically; thus, there seems to be no consistency in explaining elliptical phenomena as a whole. 2) The Views of the Structuralists a. Leonard Bloomfield seems to try to classify elliptical sentences by their forms only, but the basis of the classification is somewhat ambiguous, for he classified an elliptical sentence as a minor sentence which is not a favorite sentence, a full-sentence. It is not clear what a favorite sentence means in terms of syntax as well as pragmatics. b. C. C. Fries defined a sentence as a single minimum utterance, and further devided it into two: a situation utterance and a response utterance which is further classified into three: (1) oral response, (2) action response with one of a very limited list of oral response, and (3) very brief oral signals of attention. All of these three response utterances belong to elliptical sentences, but Fries did not employ the term ellipsis. It is rather interesting to see the fact that the conditional clause which lacks 'if' and an interrogative sentence are classified as an identical one having the same structure. For example, (1) Should they come tomorrow, it would be difficult to find them. (2) Should they come tomorrow? Fries said that both (1) and (2) have the same structure, but the difference of meaning can be inferred from the intonation. This kind of analysis seems to be a result of an over-emphasis on the surface structure ignoring the deep structure as proposed by the transformationalists. c. Like Fries, Paul Roberts tried to explain syntactic phenomena with surface structures only. Thus, an analysis of a sentence is based on 'usage', an ambiguous criterion. For example, the word 'as' or 'than' is both classified into two categories: preposition and conjunction. He also classified gerund and participle as the same one, ignoring their different syntactic functions in a sentence. In short, both the traditional grammarians and the structuralists tried to explain ellipsis from surface structures in terms of semantics or pragmatics, called 'usage', rather than syntax. Sometimes they tried to explain the elliptical phenomena syntactically, but there seems to be no consistent and systematic explanation. Thus, the appearance of the transformational grammar seems to be inevitable.