Disposition and metabolism of (2S,3S,4R)-N''-cyano-N-(6-amino-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-dimethoxy methyl-2H-benzopyran-4-yl)-N'-benzylguanidine, a novel neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage, in rats

Kim, N. S.,Yoo, H. H.,Lee, M. W.,Kim, H. S.,Kim, D. H. Taylor & Francis 2007 Xenobiotica Vol.37 No.5

<P> The metabolism and disposition of KR31378 (a benzopyran derivative and a novel neuroprotective agent) were investigated following single oral or intravenous administration of [14C]-KR31378 to rats. [14C]-KR31378 was rapidly absorbed after oral dosing with an oral bioavailability of greater than 71%. The maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve of total radioactivity in rat plasma increased proportionally to the administered dose. KR31378 was distributed over all organs and tissues except for brain, eyeball and testis, and declined by first order kinetics up to 24 h after dosing. Excretion of the radioactivity was 29.5% of the dose in the urine and 58.5% in the feces within 2 days after oral administration. Biliary excretion of the radioactivity in bile duct-cannulated rats was about 66.0% for the first 24 h. KR31378 was extensively metabolized by ring hydroxylation, O-demethylation, oxidation and reduction with subsequent N-acetylation and O-glucuronide conjugation. N-acetylated conjugates (M2, M10, M11, M12, M14, and M15) were identified as the predominant metabolites in rats.</P>

GLOBULAR CLUSTER POPULATIONS: RESULTS INCLUDING S⁴G LATE-TYPE GALAXIES

Zaritsky, Dennis,McCabe, Kelsey,Aravena, Manuel,Athanassoula, E.,Bosma, Albert,Comeró,n, Sé,bastien,Courtois, Helene M.,Elmegreen, Bruce G.,Elmegreen, Debra M.,Erroz-Ferrer, Santiago,Gadot American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.818 No.1

<P>Using 3.6 and 4.5 mu m images of 73 late-type, edge-on galaxies from the S(4)G survey, we compare the richness of the globular cluster populations of these galaxies to those of early-type galaxies that we measured previously. In general, the galaxies presented here fill in the distribution for galaxies with lower stellar mass, M-*, specifically log(M-*/M-circle dot) < 10, overlap the results for early-type galaxies of similar masses, and, by doing so, strengthen the case for a dependence of the number of globular clusters per 10(9)M(circle dot) of galaxy stellar mass, T-N, on M-*. For 8.5 < log(M-*/M-circle dot) < 10.5 we find the relationship can be satisfactorily described as T-N = (M-*/10(6.7))(-0.56) M-* is expressed in solar masses. The functional form of the relationship is only weakly constrained, and extrapolation outside this range is not advised. Our late-type galaxies, in contrast to our early types, do not show the tendency for low-mass galaxies to split into two T-N families. Using these results and a galaxy stellar mass function from the literature, we calculate that, in a volume-limited, local universe sample, clusters are most likely to be found around fairly massive galaxies (M-* similar to 10(10.8)M(circle dot)) and present a fitting function for the volume number density of clusters as a function of parent-galaxy stellar mass. We find no correlation between T-N and large-scale environment, but we do find a tendency for galaxies of fixed M-* to have larger T-N if they have converted a larger proportion of their baryons into stars.</P>

Experimental Pathogenesis of Pullorum Disease with the Local Isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar. enterica subspecies Pullorum in Pullets in Bangladesh

M. G. Haider,E. H. Chowdhury,M. A. H. N. A. Khan,M. T. Hossain,M. S. Rahman,송희종,M. M. Hossain 한국가금학회 2008 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

The research work was carried out to study the pathogenesis covering the clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions in different organs, and reisolation and identification of the organisms after experimental infection with the local isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar. enterica subspecies (S.) Pullorum at different time interval of the experiment during the period February 2006 to December 2006. One hundred pullets (seronegative to S. Pullorum of 12 weeks age were purchased and divided into 5 (A, B, C, D and E) groups and each group consisted of 20 birds. Four groups (A, B, C and D) were infected orally with a dose of 106 CFU, 107 CFU, 2 × 107 CFU, 108 CFU of S. Pullorum, respectively, and one group (E) was treated as uninfected control. The used methods were necropsy and histopathology, culture of bacteria, staining and biochemical test of Salmonella. Five birds from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed 1st week, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks of post infection (PI). From all the groups, the bacteriological samples (crop, liver, lung, heart, spleen, bile duodenum, ceca and blood) were collected with pre enriched in buffered peptone water in sterile poly bags. Liver, lungs, heart, spleen, intestine, etc. were collected in 10% buffered-formalin for histopathological examination. No clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions were found in control group and no S. Pullorum was reisolated. Clinical sign of experimentally infected with S. Pullorum in pullets were loss of appetite (100%), slight depression (75%), ruffled feathers (85%), diarrhea (60%) and loss of weight (100%) in chickens. The feed intake and body weight at different weeks after PI differed significantly (p<0.01) among the groups. Grossly, the highest recorded lesion was button-like ulcer in the ceca (80%) and the lowest was white nodules in lungs (1.25%). S. Pullorum were reisolated from crop (91.25%), liver (91.25%), lung (83.75%), heart (71.25%), spleen (87.75%), bile (33.25%), duodenum (92.50%), ceca (97.50%) and from different group of infection (61.25%). The highest microscopic findings were intestinal and cecal mucosa and submucosa exhibited infiltration of mononuclear cells and congestion (96.25%), and the lowest finding was nodule formation in the lungs (3.75%). The pattern of the disease production by local isolate of S. Pullorum in Bangladesh is almost similar with other isolates in different countries. The research work was carried out to study the pathogenesis covering the clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions in different organs, and reisolation and identification of the organisms after experimental infection with the local isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar. enterica subspecies (S.) Pullorum at different time interval of the experiment during the period February 2006 to December 2006. One hundred pullets (seronegative to S. Pullorum of 12 weeks age were purchased and divided into 5 (A, B, C, D and E) groups and each group consisted of 20 birds. Four groups (A, B, C and D) were infected orally with a dose of 106 CFU, 107 CFU, 2 × 107 CFU, 108 CFU of S. Pullorum, respectively, and one group (E) was treated as uninfected control. The used methods were necropsy and histopathology, culture of bacteria, staining and biochemical test of Salmonella. Five birds from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed 1st week, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks of post infection (PI). From all the groups, the bacteriological samples (crop, liver, lung, heart, spleen, bile duodenum, ceca and blood) were collected with pre enriched in buffered peptone water in sterile poly bags. Liver, lungs, heart, spleen, intestine, etc. were collected in 10% buffered-formalin for histopathological examination. No clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions were found in control group and no S. Pullorum was reisolated. Clinical sign of experimentally infected with S. Pullorum in pullets were loss of appetite (100%), slight depression (75%), ruffled feathers (85%), diarrhea (60%) and loss of weight (100%) in chickens. The feed intake and body weight at different weeks after PI differed significantly (p<0.01) among the groups. Grossly, the highest recorded lesion was button-like ulcer in the ceca (80%) and the lowest was white nodules in lungs (1.25%). S. Pullorum were reisolated from crop (91.25%), liver (91.25%), lung (83.75%), heart (71.25%), spleen (87.75%), bile (33.25%), duodenum (92.50%), ceca (97.50%) and from different group of infection (61.25%). The highest microscopic findings were intestinal and cecal mucosa and submucosa exhibited infiltration of mononuclear cells and congestion (96.25%), and the lowest finding was nodule formation in the lungs (3.75%). The pattern of the disease production by local isolate of S. Pullorum in Bangladesh is almost similar with other isolates in different countries.

體力章制度의 關心度比較에 關한 調査硏究 : 馬山市 男子高等學校 進學, 比進學者를 中心으로 Comparison of advancing to higher education and onadvancing highe education for the boy high school, Masan-si

鄭民煥,李錫南,朴昌植,丁小鳳,金成根 경희대학교 체육과학연구소 1978 體育學論文集 Vol.6 No.-

In the result of the research on the interests to the physical strength code system of boy high school (Comparison) of advancing to higher education and nonadvancing to higher education), it was possible to deduce the following conclusion and the suggestions from the theoretical background and the assumptions mentioned above forwarded by this research. 1. The understanding in the system of P.S.C. in inefficient. 2. The system failed to provide to one's strengh buiding 3. The training for P.S.C. is always not practiced consistently but being exercised on the immediate of inspection. 4. The understanding on the itemized purpose of its inspection is relatively low. 5. The inspection has something to do with the entrance examination and conderned because of the directive score points. 6. The inspection system failed to show a fairness and a lot of contradictions have been pointed out in the course of its execution. 7. In a comparison of advancing to higher education and nonadvanoing to higher education, the latter has not considered a special necessity. 8. The relative importance for the entrance examination by current inspection of P.S. has shown as fitted one. 9. It is not well comed to practice only in the training of P.S.C. at the assigned time to P.S. From the above conclusion, the following suggestions are required. 1. It is required that the system of P.S.C. is to be equally alotted to the all physical curriculum so that the guidance with the possitive plans be undertaken in the ordinal time. 2. It should not be limited of the system of P.S.C. in reflecting to the result of entrance examination for the boys of advancing to higher educations, and but considered in the dimension of national aspects, and the systematic backing policy enabling to exercise with a interest to the system of P.S.C even for the group of non-advancing for higher education be necessary. 3. A objectivity making the inspection thorough and correct in the course of execution, of the system of P.S.C. is required. 4. The fairness of inspection should be maintained by a sufficient training in advance for the staffs of the physical strength inspection and the inconsistencies should be developed. 5. The items of sport(Swiming, physical exercise, shooting etc.) beside the items of current P.S. inspection is recommended to be added. In the end, by strengthening the grade of current P.S. inspection, it is necessary to let people know that it Is very hard to get a special grade without a consistent effort in ordinary day.

단세포군 항체를 이용한 Shigella serotyping serum 개발(Ⅱ) : S. flexneri type Ⅰ,Ⅱ & type Ⅰ:6, group 6

정의범,이영희,김순남,박강수,이명숙,성원근,김종욱,홍승의,박정우 국립보건연구원 1994 국립보건원보 Vol.31 No.1

Microneedle patch delivery to the skin of virus-like particles containing heterologous M2e extracellular domains of influenza virus induces broad heterosubtypic cross-protection

Kim, M.C.,Lee, J.W.,Choi, H.J.,Lee, Y.N.,Hwang, H.S.,Lee, J.,Kim, C.,Lee, J.S.,Montemagno, C.,Prausnitz, M.R.,Kang, S.M. Elsevier Science Publishers 2015 Journal of controlled release Vol.210 No.-

A broadly cross-protective influenza vaccine that can be administrated by a painless self-immunization method would be a value as a potential universal mass vaccination strategy. This study developed a minimally-invasive microneedle (MN) patch for skin vaccination with virus-like particles containing influenza virus heterologous M2 extracellular (M2e) domains (M2e5x VLPs) as a universal vaccine candidate without adjuvants. The stability of M2e5x VLP-coated microneedles was maintained for 8weeks at room temperature without losing M2e antigenicity and immunogenicity. MN skin immunization induced strong humoral and mucosal M2e antibody responses and conferred cross-protection against heterosubtypic H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 influenza virus challenges. In addition, M2e5x VLP MN skin vaccination induced T-helper type 1 responses such as IgG2a isotype antibodies and IFN-γ producing cells at higher levels than those by conventional intramuscular injection. These potential immunological and logistic advantages for skin delivery of M2e5x VLP MN vaccines could offer a promising approach to develop an easy-to-administer universal influenza vaccine.

Local structures and electronic band states of α−Fe2O3 polycrystalline particles in the glazes of the HIZEN celadons produced in the Edo period of Japan, by means of X-ray absorption spectra (II)

Hidaka, M.,Ohashi, K.,Wijesundera, R. P.,Kumara, L. S. R.,Sugihara, S.,Momoshima, N.,Kubuki, S.,Sung, N. E. SciELO 2011 Cerâmica Vol.57 No.342

<▼1><P>HIZEN celadon glazes produced in 1630's to 1790's (Edo period, Japan) have been investigated by means of X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) near a Fe-K edge by using synchrotron radiation and a Mössbauer spectrum. The XAS suggest that the local structure around Fe2O3 fine powders is slightly different between the Izumiyama ceramics of mainly the Quartz-SiO2 and Ohkawachi ceramics of mainly the feldspar of (K,Na)Si3O8 (Sanidine), and that the glazes of the HIZEN celadons include the Fe2O3 fine powders in the glassy state, though the X-ray diffraction patterns of the glassy celadon glazes do not show any peaks of the Fe2O3 structure. The Mössbauer spectrum suggests that the celadon glaze of Seiji (m) includes only Fe3+ ions, but not Fe2+ ions. This indicates the existence of Fe2O3 in the celadon glaze. It is interpreted that the colored brightness of the HIZEN celadons is induced by the structural properties of the used raw celadon ceramics and the other transition-metal ions of Cr, Cu, Zn in the celadon glazes, but not by the chemical reaction from Fe2O3 to FeO under the deoxidizing thermal treatment at higher temperature in a kiln.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Esmaltes de celadon Hizen produzidos dos anos 1630 a 1790 (período Edo, Japão) foram investigados por meio de espectros de absorção de raios X (XAS) próximos da linha Fe-K usando radiação síncrotron e espectro Mossbaues. Os resultados de XAS sugerem que a estrutura local em pós finos de Fe2O3 é levemente diferente entre as cerâmicas Izumiyama principalmente o quartzo e cerâmicas Ohkawachi principalmente do feldspato (K,Na)Si3O8 (Sanidine), e que os esmaltes dos celadons Hizen incluem finos pós de Fe2O3 no estado vítreo, embora os difratogramas de raios X dos esmaltes celadon não mostrem picos da estrutura do Fe2O3. O espectro Mossbauer sugere que os esmaltes celadon de Seiji (m) incluem somente íons Fe3+, mas não Fe2+. Isto indica a existência de Fe2O3 no esmalte celadon. É feita a interpretação que o brilho nas cores dos celadons Hizen é induzido pelas propriedades estruturais das cerâmicas básicas de celadon e os outros metais de transição Cr, Cu, Zn nos esmaltes celadon, mas não pela reação química entre Fe2O3 para FeO sob tratamento térmico desoxidante em forno a altas temperaturas.</P></▼2>

Effect of Antimuscarinic Autoantibodies in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome

Kim, N.,Shin, Y.,Choi, S.,Namkoong, E.,Kim, M.,Lee, J.,Song, Y.,Park, K. SAGE Publications 2015 Journal of dental research Vol.94 No.5

<P>The presence of functional autoantibodies against the muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) has been reported in primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). However, the pathogenic role of these autoantibodies in pSS development remains to be elucidated. In this experiment, we investigated a pathologic role of pSS autoantibodies (pSS IgG) associated with downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) molecule with M3R through internalization. Anti-M3R autoantibodies in purified control and pSS IgG were detected using 4 synthesized cyclic M3R peptides by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The binding reactivity of pSS IgG to M3R in situ was analyzed by a dual immunostaining method. Surface expression, interaction, and internalization of M3R with MHC I were analyzed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and biochemical assays. Synthetic cyclic peptides M3RP(205-221) and M3RP(520-527) showed significantly high reactivity with pSS IgG compared to the control IgG or the other 3 peptides (P < 0.05). Significantly high reactivity of pSS IgG to M3R in situ was observed. PSS IgG increased the interaction of membrane M3R with MHC I and induced their internalization in primary human submandibular gland cells. The pSS IgG-induced internalization of M3R with MHC I was significantly inhibited by the cholesterol-sequestering drug filipin. Our novel findingnamely, strong downregulation of the membrane MHC I with M3R through internalization of the cholesterol-rich microdomain associating with anti-M3R autoantibodiescould be an important mechanism contributing to the impaired salivation seen in pSS and linking secretory hypofunction to autoimmune pathogenesis.</P>

Experimental Pathogenesis of Pullorum Disease with the Local Isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar. enterica subspecies Pullorum in Pullets in Bangladesh

Haider, M.G.,Chowdhury, E.H.,Khan, M.A.H.N.A.,Hossain, M.T.,Rahman, M.S.,Song, H.J.,Hossain, M.M. The Korean Society of Poultry Science 2009 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

이 실험은 추백리의 병원성을 연구하고자 2006년 2월부터 12월까지 Salmonella enterica serovar. enterica subspecies (S.) Pullorum 야외주를 분리한 후, 이를 건강한 닭에 실험적으로 감염시킨 다음 임상증상, 여러 기관의 육안 및 조직병리학적 검색과 아울러 공격주의 재분리와 동정을 시도하였다. S. Pullorum에 혈청학적으로 음성인 12주령의 100수의 암탉을 $A{\sim}E$까지 20수씩 5그룹으로 구분하였다. $A{\sim}DS$. Pullorum을 $10^6\;CFU$, $10^7\;CFU$, $2{\times}10^7\;CFU$, $10^8\;CFU$로 각각 경구 감염시켰고, E는 비감염 대조군으로 삼았다. 실험 방법으로는 부검, 조직병리학적 검사, Salmonella에 대한 세균 배양, 염색, 생화학적 특성을 조사하고 그 결과를 기술하였다. The research work was carried out to study the pathogenesis covering the clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions in different organs, and reisolation and identification of the organisms after experimental infection with the local isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar. enterica subspecies (S.) Pullorum at different time interval of the experiment during the period February 2006 to December 2006. One hundred pullets (seronegative to S. Pullorum of 12 weeks age were purchased and divided into 5 (A, B, C, D and E) groups and each group consisted of 20 birds. Four groups (A, B, C and D) were infected orally with a dose of $10^6\;CFU$, $10^7\;CFU$, $2{\times}10^7\;CFU$, $10^8\;CFU$ of S. Pullorum, respectively, and one group (E) was treated as uninfected control. The used methods were necropsy and histopathology, culture of bacteria, staining and biochemical test of Salmonella. Five birds from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed $1^{st}$ week, $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ weeks of post infection (PI). From all the groups, the bacteriological samples (crop, liver, lung, heart, spleen, bile duodenum, ceca and blood) were collected with pre enriched in buffered peptone water in sterile poly bags. Liver, lungs, heart, spleen, intestine, etc. were collected in 10% buffered-formalin for histopathological examination. No clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions were found in control group and no S. Pullorum was reisolated. Clinical sign of experimentally infected with S. Pullorum in pullets were loss of appetite (100%), slight depression (75%), ruffled feathers (85%), diarrhea (60%) and loss of weight (100%) in chickens. The feed intake and body weight at different weeks after PI differed significantly (p<0.01) among the groups. Grossly, the highest recorded lesion was button-like ulcer in the ceca (80%) and the lowest was white nodules in lungs (1.25%). S. Pullorum were reisolated from crop (91.25%), liver (91.25%), lung (83.75%), heart (71.25%), spleen (87.75%), bile (33.25%), duodenum (92.50%), ceca (97.50%) and from different group of infection (61.25%). The highest microscopic findings were intestinal and cecal mucosa and submucosa exhibited infiltration of mononuclear cells and congestion (96.25%), and the lowest finding was nodule formation in the lungs (3.75%). The pattern of the disease production by local isolate of S. Pullorum in Bangladesh is almost similar with other isolates in different countries.

Phase I/II study of S-1 combined with weekly docetaxel in patients with metastatic gastric carcinoma

Park, S R,Kim, H K,Kim, C G,Choi, I J,Lee, J S,Lee, J H,Ryu, K W,Kim, Y-W,Bae, J-M,Kim, N K Cancer Research UK 2008 The British journal of cancer Vol.98 No.8

We designed a phase I/II trial of S-1 combined with weekly docetaxel to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) and to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity in metastatic gastric carcinoma (MGC). Patients with measurable disease received S-1 orally b.i.d. on days 1–14 and docetaxel intravenously on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. In phase I (n=30), each cohort received escalating doses of S-1 (30–45 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP> b.i.d.) and docetaxel (25–40 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP>); MTD was 45 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP> b.i.d. S-1/35 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP> docetaxel and RD was 40 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP> b.i.d. S-1/35 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP> docetaxel. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 elevated liver enzymes, gastric perforation, grade 3 diarrhoea/fatigue, febrile neutropenia with grade 3 anorexia/fatigue, and neutropenic infection with grade 3 stomatitis/anorexia. In phase II (n=52), the overall response rate was 66.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 53.8–79.6%) and the median time to progression and overall survival were 6.5 months (95% CI: 4.9–8.1) and 13.7 months (95% CI: 9.9–17.5), respectively. The most common grade 3/4 toxicity was neutropenia (29.4%), and febrile neutropenia/neutropenic infection occurred in 19.6% of patients. Non-haematological toxicities were generally mild. There was one treatment-related death due to pneumonitis. S-1 combined with weekly docetaxel is active in MGC with moderate toxicities.British Journal of Cancer (2008) 98, 1305–1311. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604312 www.bjcancer.com Published online 25 March 2008