Inequality of effort in an egalitarian education system

Ryoji Matsuoka 서울대학교 교육연구소 2017 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.18 No.3

Japanese compulsory education is considered as relatively egalitarian since poorer regions receive more funding from the central government, which standardizes the quality of education nationwide. Nevertheless, the literature indicates socioeconomic status-based achievement and educational attainment gaps. As parts of explanations of these gaps, previous studies have indicated an association between students’ socioeconomic status and their study efforts, or inequality of effort. This study is the first to assess this phenomenon while the most critical mass education selection in Japan is approaching, building on relevant theoretical frameworks regarding educational expectations, including anticipatory socialization. To investigate inequality of effort among ninth-grade students, the study also examines the differences between students’ neighborhoods on the basis of mechanisms of neighborhood inequalities (i.e., social contagion and collective socialization). Overall, using multilevel modeling with nationally representative data from Japan, this study provides empirical evidence for inequality of effort and the role of post-secondary educational expectations at both the individual and neighborhood levels. This inequality of effort is observed despite the pressure that occurs about three months before the period of selections by high schools. In particular, students from advantaged families and community environments expect to pursue higher education and therefore tend to spend longer hours studying, whereas those from disadvantaged families and communities exert less effort. As Japan is not the only country where the relation between students’ socioeconomic status and efforts is evident, this study’s results may be applied to other societies to better understand mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of inequality.

Changes of Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Tissues of Mice treated with Methylmercury

Ryoji, Tamamoto,Kimiaki, Sumino,Lee, Myeong Jin,Lee, Won Chang,Kim, Jin Suk 대한보건협회 1992 대한보건연구 Vol.18 No.2

메칠水銀(Methylmercury)을 經口投與한 마우스 組織內 SOD(superoxide dismutase)活性의 變化를 觀察한바, 腎臟內의 메칠水銀과 總水銀分布는 初回 및 再投與 모두에서 他臟器의 水準 보다 높았다(p<0 05). 그리고 腦, 肝 및 腎臟組織內의 SOD活性은 메칠水銀의 初回投與에서 減少됨을 보였으나, 實驗末期에는 實驗前의 水準으로 恢復되었다. 腦組織中의 SOD活性은 肝과 腎臟에서의 그것보다 메칠水銀의 量이 낮은 水準에서 抑制되고 있었다. (p<0.05) Methylmercury(MeHg) shows remarkable toxicity in the central nervous system. while the living systems have specific protective action reacted with enzymes like as quenching systems to peroxidation. The change of superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was examined in tissues of mice treated with MeHg. Kidneys contained the higest concentration of MeHg and total mercury leves compared to those in other tissues after one or reapeted administration of MeHg. Activity of SOD in brain, liver and kidneys were decreased with an increase of mercurial concentrations at the first stage after MeHg administration but got back to normal levels at the end of experiment. The SOD activity in the brain was inhibited at comparatively lower leyels of MeHg than those in liver and kidneys(p<0.05).

A new antifungal agent “Lanoconazole” and its application: Recent topics of superficial mycoses Ryoji Tsuboi and Hideoki Ogawa

( Ryoji Tsuboi ) 대한피부과학회 2001 초록집 Vol.39 No.20

Short-term Redistribution of Methylmercury by Sulfur-Containing Compounds

Yamamoto, Ryoji,Sumino, Kimiaki,Nakamae, Katsutoshi,Lee, Won Chang 한국수의공중보건학회 1997 예방수의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

IMPROVING TRANSMISSION LOSS OF A RECTANGULAR PANEL USING CLUSTER CONTROL

Ryoji Fukuda,Nobuo Tanaka 한국소음진동공학회 2008 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.7

[Session 2] 7 : Growth Profiles and Molecular Analyses of Recnt Canine Distemper Isolates on Vero Cells Expressing Canine Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)

( Ryoji Yamaguchi ),( Nguyen Thi Lan ),( Kazuyuki Uchida ),( Susumu Tateyama ) 한국수의병리학회 2005 한국수의병리학회 국제심포지움자료집 Vol.2005 No.-

Interobserver Variation in the Diagnosis of Gastric Epithelial Dysplasia and Carcinoma between Two Pathologists in Japan and Korea

Ryoji Kushima,김경미 대한위암학회 2011 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.11 No.3

Although the biological potential of gastric epithelial dysplasia (GED) as a precursor of gastric cancer has never been in doubt, the classification of these lesions has been controversial and fraught with marked variations in approach to diagnosis across the world. The complexity of cyto-architectural features has been considered to be of paramount importance for the diagnosis of carcinoma in Japan, while breach of the basement membrane and invasion into the lamina propria has been considered the sine qua non of malignancy and hence a pre-requisite for the diagnosis of cancer in the West. In Korea, although the incidence of gastric cancer is similar to Japan, the diagnostic approach to GED or cancer seems to lie midway between Western and Japanese criteria. In this review, we will discuss the difference in the diagnosis of GED and cancer between two pathologists working in the comprehensive cancer center located in Japan and Korea, one of the most prevalent areas in the world for gastric cancer.

Short-term redistribution of methylmercury by sulfur-containing compounds

Ryoji Yamamoto,Kimiaki Sumino,Katsutoshi Nakamae,Won Chang Lee(李元暢) 한국예방수의학회 1997 예방수의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

16가지의 황함유화합물을 마우스에 급여한 후에 메틸수은(MeHg)의 확산율를 평가하였다. N-2-Mercaptopropionylglycerine (Thiola)와 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)는 투여 3시간후에 모든 조직내에 메털수은의 잔류량을 감소시키는데 가장 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. Thiota, DMSA 그리고 다른 황함유화합물들과 대조군들은 집락분석법 (集落分析法, cluster analysis)에 의하여 성공적으로 아말감화 되었고, 4가지의 변수에 따라서 4가지의 집락(cluster)로 구분되었다. 집락-I에 속하는 화합물 (D-cysteine과 그외의 것들)과 집락-Ⅲ에 속하는 화합물 (Thiola와 DMSA)은 혈액과 신장내의 메틸수은 농도를 감소시켰다. 집락-Ⅲ에 속하는 화합물 (L-cysteine과 그외의 것들)은 집락-Ⅱ에 속하는 화합물 (glutathione과 그외의 것들)의 효과에 비하여 혈액과 신장에서 각기 119%와 122%까지 메틸수은의 농도가 증가하였다. 모든 조직에서 메틸수은의 감소에 가장 큰 효과를 보인 화합물은 집락-Ⅳ에 속하는 화합물이었고, 그 다음은 집락-I에 속하는 화합물이었다. 메틸수은의 제거에 효과가 없는 화합물은 집락-Ⅱ와 집락-Ⅲ에 속하는 화합물이었다.

Temperature Dependence of the Bulk Modulus in fcc Metals by Using a Lattice-Gas Model with Renormalized Potentials

Ryoji Sahara,Hiroshi Mizuseki,Kaoru Ohno,Yoshiyuki Kawazoe 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.52 No.4

Temperature dependence of the bulk modulus in five fcc metals are analyzed by using a fcc lattice-gas model. To treat actual systems as quantitatively as possible, we introduce two empirical potentials, which have been widely used for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The potentials are mapped onto the fcc lattice by using the potential renormalization technique, which gives a reasonable way to map interatomic potentials, such as MD potentials, onto lattice models, in order to overcome the shortcomings of lattice-gas models of neglecting the internal entropy of the system. By comparing the results with experimental, MD and first-principles data, the renormalized potential is found to reproduce the temperature dependence of the bulk modulus well. Temperature dependence of the bulk modulus in five fcc metals are analyzed by using a fcc lattice-gas model. To treat actual systems as quantitatively as possible, we introduce two empirical potentials, which have been widely used for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The potentials are mapped onto the fcc lattice by using the potential renormalization technique, which gives a reasonable way to map interatomic potentials, such as MD potentials, onto lattice models, in order to overcome the shortcomings of lattice-gas models of neglecting the internal entropy of the system. By comparing the results with experimental, MD and first-principles data, the renormalized potential is found to reproduce the temperature dependence of the bulk modulus well.

Postoperative Severe Headache Following Cervical Posterior Surgical Fixation from C2 Distally

Ryoji Tauchi,이상훈,Jin-Young Kim,김용찬,Colleen Peters,Shiro Imagama,Naoki Ishiguro,Jacob Buchowski,K. Daniel Riew 대한척추외과학회 2016 Asian Spine Journal Vol.10 No.4

Study Design: Retrospective study. Purpose: To identify the prevalence of severe headache occurring after cervical posterior surgical fixation (PSF) and to evaluate the clinical and radiological findings associated with severe headache after surgery. Overview of Literature: Several studies have reported on the axial pain after cervical surgery. However, to our knowledge, the incidence of severe headache after cervical PSF has not been elucidated. Methods: The medical records and radiological assessment of patients who underwent surgical treatment from August 2002 to May 2012 were reviewed to identify the prevalence and risk factors for severe headaches occurring following PSF from C2 distally. Neck disability index scores (NDI) (the item for neck pain), the type of C2 screw, number of cervical fused levels (1–6), and smoking habit were calculated preoperatively and postoperatively. In addition, radiological parameters (T1 slope angle, C1/2 angle, C2–7 Cobb angle, C2–7 sagittal vertical axis and C1-implant distance) were assessed for all patients. Severe headache was defined as a high NDI headache score (>4 out of 5). Results: Eighty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 59.2 years (range, 21–78 years), and the mean number of fused levels was 5.1. The mean follow-up period was 2.9 years (range, 1–10.9 years). While only one severe headache occurred de novo postoperatively in a patient in the C3 or C4 distally group (total 30 patients, average age of 50.2 years), 11 patients in the C2 distally group (p =0.04) had severe headache occur postoperatively. The radiological parameters were not significantly different between the postoperative milder headache and severe headache (SH) groups. The SH group had a significantly higher preoperative NDI score (neck pain) (p <0.01). Conclusions: Newly occurring severe headaches can occur in 18% of patients after PSF from C2 distally. The patients with newly occurring severe headaches had significantly higher preoperative NDI score (neck pain).