Revolt and Reform in Architecture's Academy: Columbia and Yale in the 1960s

Richards, William Charles, IV University of Virginia 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

A critical reassessment of the scope and mission of architecture and planning education in the United States occurred between 1950 and 1970. In this period, a small but significant number of students and faculty at Columbia University and Yale University perceived design's dominant pedagogies to be outmoded and inflexible legacies of the Bauhaus and Beaux-Arts institutions. They identified campus expansion, race, and the "urban crisis" as the principle, if unexplored, concerns facing architectural practice by the late-1960s, which pedagogy and practice were loath to address. Through protests and curricular reform, students and faculty members ultimately founded an advocacy model for design practice, which engaged the contemporary and contextual issues that have become central to its academy today. Among urban universities, Columbia and Yale represented compelling cases of how urban history and architectural education intersected. The theory and practice of urban renewal took a specific form that students analyzed---first to replicate and then to critique. As urban violence peaked and riots transformed neighborhoods across the United States, it did not take long for even the most sheltered student to feel the effects. Ultimately, calls for reform in city planning, matched calls for reform in architectural education against social injustice, university "imperialism," and the irrelevance of outmoded ideas about design.

The effects of state anxiety, arousal, and emotion regulation on a facial working memory task with unpleasant distracters

Richards, Anne Laurel University of California, Davis 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

The goal of this study was to examine factors responsible for the effects of unpleasant and neutral distracters on working memory. Experiment 1 showed that unpleasant distracters improved working memory accuracy but slowed reaction times. The improvement of working memory accuracy by unpleasant distracters correlated negatively with state anxiety and positively with arousal measured by skin conductance response. Experiment 2, an fMRI study using the same task, showed that prefrontal activity positively correlated with improvement of working memory accuracy on trials with unpleasant distracters compared to neutral distracters. Exploratory correlation analyses from Experiment 2 also revealed that fMRI activity resulting from a contrast between unpleasant and neutral distracters correlates negatively with state anxiety in pontine locus coeruleus and vlPFC (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)---a possible neural mechanism for the effects of anxiety on working memory. Emotion regulation instructions did not affect working memory accuracy but did increase sustained activity in superior frontal, inferior temporal, and cerebellum and decrease sustained activity in the parahippocampus.

The religion of Calvin and the philosophy of whitehead : by Waldo Sumn er Richards

Richards, Waldo Sumner The University of Chicago 1930 해외석사

Identification and dynamic regulation of NF kappa B in the ventral tegmental area during metabolic challenge

Richards, Sarah Martin Yale University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Altered physiological states are characterized by neuroplastic responses, including changes in transcription factors and gene expression. Research suggests the food-restricted state is characterized by heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli as a result of neuroadaptations occurring in mesolimbic systems. C57BL6/J mice were restricted to 75% of normal daily intake. Gene expression, DNA binding assays, and western blots were performed on samples from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Gene expression and DNA binding assays were also applied to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hypothalamus to determine the specificity of the observed changes. To determine the functional consequences of NFκB activity in the VTA on feeding behavior, a NFκB inhibitor (sulfasalazine) or viruses designed to increase or inhibit NFκB activity were infused into the VTA. Expression of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor (<italic>Nfkbia</italic>), which encodes the NFκB inhibitor protein IκBα, increased after 1 and 5 days food restriction in the VTA. Upregulation of <italic>Nfkbia </italic> did not occur in NAc or hypothalamus, suggesting regional specificity of this response. DNA binding of NFκB and transcription of a number of target genes was increased after 1 day of restriction. However, NFκB DNA binding and transcription of target genes was normalized by 5 days of restriction. It was hypothesized that increased corticosterone bound the glucocorticoid receptor, allowing it to be transcriptionally active and transcribe <italic> Nfkbia</italic> in the VTA. DNA binding and repeated corticosterone injections suggest this is not likely to be the mechanism regulating <italic>Nfkbia</italic> after 5 days of restriction. Manipulation of NFκB in the VTA using pharmacology or viruses had no effect on food intake or body weights during intake of normal rodent diet or response to high-fat diet. In contrast, animals with increased NFκB activity in the VTA had reduced intake and weight gain after 30 days on a high-fat diet. No differences in motivation to work for food were observed between groups during a progressive ratio operant task. In conclusion, reduced food intake during restriction results in dynamic regulation of NFκB signaling in the VTA, specifically an acute increase followed by a normalization of the response. Such regulation following restriction was not observed in other brain regions. Functional tests showed a role for VTA NFκB in the physiological response to high-fat diet. Furthermore, a response of hypothalamic NFκB, but not that of the VTA, was observed following chronic high-fat diet exposure.

International student athlete: An acculturation effect

Richards, Vernice The Florida State University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

International students face deeper and more complicated transitional issues in addition to the "normal" transitional issues that student-athletes face (Boyer & Sedlacek, 1986; Hechanova-Alampay, Beehr, Christiansen & Van Horn, 2002). The process of transition from one culture to another is known as Acculturation (Castro, 2003). The role of gender, academic classification (time at the U.S institution), length of time in the U.S., and sport type, are examined in this study to elucidate their effects on the acculturation process. Questionnaires were used to examine participants' acculturation integration, orientation, acculturative stress and social support. Many mixed reviews in the current literature were echoed in the current study with few statistically significant results for the demographic variables investigated. Attention is drawn to the study design and complex nature of culture studies as avenues necessary to be reviewed when reconsidering this topic (Castro, 2003). This investigation of acculturation is of great interest for coaches, athletic administration, and athlete support professionals who seek to work and further support this growing population of international-student-athletes (Connell, 2007).

The Texas moment: Breakaway republics and contested sovereignty in North America, 1836-1846

Richards, Thomas W., Jr Temple University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Between 1845 and 1848, the United States doubled the size of its land holdings in North America, as Texas, Oregon, California, New Mexico, and other western regions were placed under the umbrella of U.S. sovereignty. Echoing John L. O'Sullivan's famous phrase, historians have deemed these acquisitions "Manifest Destiny," and have assumed that U.S. expansion -- whether for good or ill -- was foreordained. Yet this understanding fundamentally fails to take into account the history of the decade prior to 1846, when Americans throughout the continent believed that it was more likely that the United States would not expand beyond its borders. Examining five groups of Americans operating at the nations geographic and/or social margins, this dissertation argues that these groups hoped to achieve sovereignty outside of the United States. Nurtured by Jacksonian rhetoric that celebrated local government and personal ambition, and wary of -- and at times running from -- a United States mired in depression and uncertainty, these Americans were, in effect, forming their own "breakaway republics.". To validate their goal of self-sovereignty, breakaway republicans looked to the independent Republic of Texas, often referring to Texas to explain their objectives, or looking to Texas as an ally in achieving them. Between 1836 and 1845 -- what this dissertation defines as "the Texas Moment" -- Texas' independent existence presupposed a different map of North America, where peoples of the northern, southern, and western borderlands carved out polities for themselves. With Texas in mind, even Americans who did not share the goals of breakaway republicans believed that independent American-led polities on the continent were likely, acceptable, and perhaps even desired. However, to a cabal of Democratic expansionists and James K. Polk in particular, this future was unacceptable. After winning the presidency after an unlikely series of contingencies in 1844, Polk and his allies laid the groundwork for a dramatic expansion of the U.S. state -- and thereby a dramatic expansion of U.S. territory. Their actions ended the Texas Moment, thereby subsuming the actions of breakaway republicans and hiding their collective existence from later historians. Ultimately, the events of the mid-1840s were hardly the logical culmination of America's expansionist destiny, but a profound rupture of the status quo.

Emotion regulation and memory

Richards, Jane M Stanford University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation. Little is known, however, about whether emotion regulation also has cognitive consequences. A process model of emotion suggests that <italic> expressive suppression</italic> should reduce memory for emotional events, but that <italic>reappraisal</italic> should not. Four studies tested this hypothesis. Study I experimentally manipulated expressive suppression during film viewing, showing that suppression led to poorer memory for the details of the film. Study 2 manipulated expressive suppression and reappraisal during slide viewing. Only suppression led to poorer memory for auditory information associated with the slides. Study 3 manipulated expressive suppression and reappraisal during an emotionally-charged conversation between dating partners, showing that only suppression led to poorer memory for the conversation. Study 4 examined individual differences in typical expressive suppression and reappraisal, and found that suppression was associated with poorer self-reported and objective memory, but that reappraisal was not. Together, these studies suggest that the cognitive costs of “keeping one's cool” may vary according to how this is done.

Development and evaluation of an instructional unit in integrated pest management: Evaluation of student knowledge and attitudes as a result of instruction

Richards, Kerry Hoffman The Pennsylvania State University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an IPM instructional unit for secondary science and agricultural science classes. The target audience was secondary school science and agricultural science students in grades 10 through 12 from high schools in Pennsylvania. In an effort to control instructor bias, it was the desire of the researcher that the same instructor present the material to both science and agricultural science students. Seven instructors, in seven different school districts, met the criterion. Five instructors agreed to be included as cooperators in the research. Internal summative evaluations measured students' changes in IPM knowledge and attitudes as a result of receiving instruction. The instructors administered the pretest knowledge and attitude instruments prior to the start of the IPM unit. Upon completion of the IPM unit, the instructor administered the posttest knowledge and attitude instruments. External summative evaluation was conducted to determine strengths and weaknesses of the unit from the viewpoint of educators. Participating instructors an outside content and curriculum specialists were asked to complete a written evaluation of the unit. Statistical analyses of the pretest and posttest data indicate a significant increase in knowledge for both the secondary science and agricultural science students. Analysis of the data collected regarding student's attitudes relative to IPM concepts indicates significant changes in attitudes regarding IPM concepts. Summative evaluations from participating instructors and external evaluators were positive and indicated that the instructional unit would be utilized as part of a curriculum and students would find it interesting to study. The inclusion of an IPM educational unit balanced in its perceptions into the already existing secondary science and agricultural science curricula can serve several purposes. Mastery of the concepts in the IPM unit of instructions will help prepare students to be more informed consumers, more environmentally aware of alternatives for pest control, and safer applicators if and when the need to use pesticides arises. Appropriate education of today's consumers will help them make informed decisions regarding pest control, alternatives to pesticide use, safe use of pesticides when necessary and pesticide residues on foods.

Self reports of differentiation of self and marital compatibility as related to family functioning in the third and fourth stages of the family life cycle

Richards, Eleanor 1987 국내박사

"Union free and proud": America's anti-union culture and the decline of organized labor

Richards, Lawrence G., Jr University of Virginia 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

This study sets out to examine the attitudes of the large number of workers who have told pollsters since the 1970's that they would vote against a union were an election held at their place of employment. What was it that they saw in unions that they did not like? By better understanding why so many workers have opposed the idea of unionism we can gain a more complete picture of the causes for union decline in the post-war period. The dissertation argues that this hostility to organized labor was the result of a pervasive anti-union culture in the United States. Workers raised in this culture have embedded in them ideas about what unions are like and what they represent, many of which disposed them to distrust unionism. Chapters 1 and 2 examine the content of this culture using polling data, studies by sociologists, and media representations of unions. From there the dissertation moves on to examine a number of organizing drives to see how this anti-union culture has operated to hinder unions' efforts to organize the unorganized. Chapter 3 provides a case study of an unsuccessful organizing drive by the Textile Workers Union in 1980 at a Charlottesville, Virginia, textile factory. Its goal is to examine how blue-collar workers responded to labor's overtures and what concerns were most prominent in their decision to either accept or reject the union. Chapter 4 examines clerical workers at New York University in 1970 and the failed attempt by District 65 to organize them. It explores why these pink collar workers, living in the most heavily unionized community in America, rejected unionization. Finally, Chapter 5 examines the competition between the National Education Association (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) for members during the 1970's. The concern in this chapter is to understand how America's anti-union culture impacted organized labor's ability to organize white-collar professionals. It makes the ironic conclusion that America's largest union (the NEA) was, in part, successful because of its self-portrayal as the non-union alternative to the AFT.