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Ryu, Eun-Sun,Kim, Mi Jin,Shin, Hyun-Soo,Jang, Yang-Hee,Choi, Hack Sun,Jo, Inho,Johnson, Richard J.,Kang, Duk-Hee American Physiological Society 2013 American journal of physiology. Renal physiology Vol.304 No.5
<P>Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest a causal role of uric acid in the development of chronic kidney disease. Most studies have focused on uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the kidney. The direct effects of uric acid on tubular cells have not been studied in detail, and whether uric acid can mediate phenotypic transition of renal tubular cells such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not known. We therefore investigated whether uric acid could alter E-cadherin expression and EMT in the kidney of hyperuricemic rats and in cultured renal tubular cells (NRK cells). Experimental hyperuricemia was associated with evidence of EMT before the development of significant tubulointerstitial fibrosis at 4 wk, as shown by decreased E-cadherin expression and an increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Allopurinol significantly inhibited uric acid-induced changes in E-cadherin and α-SMA with an amelioration of renal fibrosis at 6 wk. In cultured NRK cells, uric acid induced EMT, which was blocked by the organic anion transport inhibitor probenecid. Uric acid increased expression of transcriptional factors associated with decreased synthesis of E-cadherin (Snail and Slug). Uric acid also increased the degradation of E-cadherin via ubiquitination, which is of importance since downregulation of E-cadherin is considered to be a triggering mechanism for EMT. In conclusion, uric acid induces EMT of renal tubular cells decreasing E-cadherin synthesis via an activation of Snail and Slug as well as increasing the degradation of E-cadherin.</P>
Hwang, Sun Kak,Bae, Insung,Cho, Suk Man,Kim, Richard Hahnkee,Jung, Hee Joon,Park, Cheolmin WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 Advanced functional materials Vol.23 No.44
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Polymer ferroelectric‐gate field effect transistors (Fe‐FETs) employing ferroelectric polymer thin films as gate insulators are highly attractive as a next‐generation non‐volatile memory. Furthermore, polymer Fe‐FETs have been recently of interest owing to their capability of storing data in more than 2 states in a single device, that is, they have multi‐level cell (MLC) operation potential for high density data storage. However, among a variety of technological issues of MLC polymer Fe‐FETs, the requirement of high voltage for cell operation is one of the most urgent problems. Here, a low voltage operating MLC polymer Fe‐FET memory with a high dielectric constant (<I>k</I>) ferroelectric polymer insulator is presented. Effective enhancement of capacitance of the ferroelectric gate insulator layer is achieved by a simple binary solution‐blend of a ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (PVDF‐TrFE) (<I>k</I> ≈ 8) with a relaxer high‐<I>k</I> poly(vinylidene‐fluoride–trifluoroethylene–chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF‐TrFE‐CTFE) (<I>k</I> ≈ 18). At optimized conditions, a ferroelectric insulator with a PVDF‐TrFE/PVDF‐TrFE‐CTFE (10/5) blend composition enables the discrete six‐level multi‐state operation of a MLC Fe‐FET at a gate voltage sweep of ±18 V with excellent data retention and endurance of each state of more than 10<SUP>4</SUP> s and 120 cycles, respectively.</P>
Lee, Sun Hwa,Dreyer, Daniel R.,An, Jinho,Velamakanni, Aruna,Piner, Richard D.,Park, Sungjin,Zhu, Yanwu,Kim, Sang Ouk,Bielawski, Christopher W.,Ruoff, Rodney S. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Macromolecular Rapid Communications Vol.31 No.3
<P>A method for growing polymers directly from the surface of graphene oxide is demonstrated. The technique involves the covalent attachment of an initiator followed by the polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, or butyl acrylate using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The resulting materials were characterized using a range of techniques and were found to significantly improve the solubility properties of graphene oxide. The surface-grown polymers were saponified from the surface and also characterized. Based on these results, the ATRP reactions were determined to proceed in a controlled manner and were found to leave the structure of the graphene oxide largely intact.</P><P> <img src='wiley_img/10221336-2010-31-3-MARC200900641-gra001.gif' alt='wiley_img/10221336-2010-31-3-MARC200900641-gra001'> </P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>The covalent attachment of ATRP initiators to graphene oxide followed by a surface-initiated polymerization affords derivatives with surface-attached polymer brushes. The product is found to have dramatically increased solubility without altering the structural properties inherent to graphene oxide. <img src='wiley_img/10221336-2010-31-3-MARC200900641-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/10221336-2010-31-3-MARC200900641-content'> </P>
Flexible Non‐Volatile Ferroelectric Polymer Memory with Gate‐Controlled Multilevel Operation
Hwang, Sun Kak,Bae, Insung,Kim, Richard Hahnkee,Park, Cheolmin WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 Advanced Materials Vol.24 No.44
<P><B>A flexible field‐effect transistor</B> with a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) active channel and a ferroelectric poly(vinlyidene fluoride‐<I>co</I>‐trifluoro ethylene) (PVDF‐TrFE) insulator exhibits gate‐voltage‐controllable multilevel non‐volatile memory characteristics with highly reliable data retention and endurance.</P>
Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.
Yoon, Sun-Woo,Webby, Richard J,Webster, Robert G Springer-Verlag 2014 Current topics in microbiology and immunology Vol.385 No.-
<P>Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts. While most evidence still supports this dogma, recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist. Extensive surveillance studies coupled with an enhanced awareness in response to H5N1 and pandemic 2009 H1N1 outbreaks is also revealing a growing list of animals susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses. Although in a relatively stable host-pathogen interaction in aquatic birds, antigenic, and genetic evolution of influenza A viruses often accompanies interspecies transmission as the virus adapts to a new host. The evolutionary changes in the new hosts result from a number of processes including mutation, reassortment, and recombination. Depending on host and virus these changes can be accompanied by disease outbreaks impacting wildlife, veterinary, and public health.</P>