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GALAXY CLUSTERS IN GAMMA-RAYS: AN ASSESSMENT FROM OBSERVATIONS
REIMER OLAF The Korean Astronomical Society 2004 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.37 No.5
Clusters of galaxies are believed to constitute a population of astrophysical objects potentially able to emit electromagnetic radiation up to gamma-ray energies. Evidence of the existence of non-thermal radiation processes in galaxy clusters is indicated from observations of diffuse radio halos, hard X-ray and EUV excess emission. The presence of cosmic ray acceleration processes and its confinement on cosmological timescales nearly inevitably yields in predicting energetic gamma-ray emission, either directly deduceably from a cluster's multifreqency emission characteristics or indirectly during large-scale cosmological structure formation processes. This theoretical reasoning suggests several scenarios to actually detect galaxy clusters at gamma-ray wavelengths: Either resolved as individual sources of point-like or extended gamma-ray emission, by investigating spatial-statistical correlations with unidentified gamma-ray sources or, if unresolved, through their contribution to the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background. In the following I review the situation concerning the proposed relation between galaxy clusters and high-energy gamma-ray observations from an observational point-of-view.
Serum Sclerostin in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients
E. González-Reimers,Javier López-Prieto,Ricardo Pelazas-González,M.Remedios Alemán-Valls,María José de la Vega-Prieto,Carlos Jorge-Ripper,M. Carmen Durán-Castellón,F Santolaria-Fernández 대한골대사학회 2014 대한골대사학회지 Vol.21 No.1
Background: Sclerostin inhibits osteoblast functions, differentiations, and survival rates. As an endogenous inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the sclerostin should be re-lated to decreased bone masses, although several studies indicate opposite results. Inaddition, it may be related to insulin resistances and carbohydrate metabolisms, a rela-tion shared with other markers of bone metabolisms, such as osteocalcin. Hepatitis C vi-rus (HCV) infected patients may present osteoporosis, and frequently show liver steato-sis, which is a consequence of insulin resistance. The behaviour of sclerostin in these pa-tients is yet unknown. The aim of this work is to analyse the relationships between se-rum sclerostin and osteocalcin levels and bone mineral density (BMD), liver functions,the intensity of liver steatosis and biochemical markers of bone homeostasis and insulinresistance in HCV-infected patients. Methods: Forty HCV patients with 20 years of ageand gender-matching controls were included in this study and underwent bone densi-tometry. Serum sclerostin, osteocalcin, collagen telopeptide, adiponectin, leptin, insulin,resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined. Liver fatwas histomorphometrically assessed. Results: Sclerostin levels were slightly higher inpatients than in controls, and were directly related to BMD at different parts of the skele-ton, also to the serum telopeptide, and to the liver steatosis and TNF-α. On the contrary,osteocalcin showed a significant direct relationship with serum adiponectin, and an in-verse one with IL-6. Conclusions: Serum sclerostin levels were within the normal rangein HCV patients, and correlated directly with BMD and serum telopeptide. In addition,the relationships of sclerostin and osteocalcin with variables associated with insulin re-sistance suggested the role of bones for intermediary metabolisms.
Son, J.,Reimer, B.,Mehler, B.,Pohlmeyer, A.E.,Godfrey, K.M.,Orszulak, J.,Long, J.,Kim, M.H.,Lee, Y.T.,Coughlin, J.F. 한국자동차공학회 2010 International journal of automotive technology Vol.11 No.4
Driving demands significant psychomotor attention and requires even more when drivers are engaged in secondary tasks that increase cognitive workload and divert attention. It is well established that age influences driving risk. Less is known about how culture impacts changes in attention. We conducted parallel driving simulations in the US and Korea to measure the extent to which age and culture influence dual-task performance. There were 135 participants divided into two groups: a younger group aged 20~29, and an older group aged 60~69. Whereas some differences by culture appeared in absolute control measures, the younger participants showed similar mean velocity and compensatory patterns associated with increased cognitive load in the urban setting; however, the results from the older samples were less similar.
리밍지,Yulin Tu,Xiaochen Wang,Kai Reimers 한국경영과학회 2005 Management Science and Financial Engineering Vol.11 No.3
The aim of this paper is to identify the barriers to the B2B e-commerce development in Chinas pharmaceutical industry and to devise an effective strategy for its future development. Built on a detailed investigation of the market structure and recent development of electronic commerce in Chinas pharmaceutical industry, this paper proposes that the key issue in the development of effective B2B e-commerce business models is the successful transformation of the inter-organizational information systems into electronic marketplaces. In order to ensure the success of such electronic marketplaces, a government driven approach will be needed. In the process, designing an incentive compatible mechanism of coordinating the interest of all the market players will be the prerequisite.
Antal Dér,Alexander Kaluza,Lars Reimer,Christoph Herrmann,Sebastian Thiede 한국정밀공학회 2022 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.9 No.3
Recent years introduced process and material innovations in the design and manufacturing of lightweight body parts for larger scale manufacturing. However, lightweight materials and new manufacturing technologies often carry a higher environmental burden in earlier life cycle stages. The prospective life cycle evaluation of lightweight body parts remains to this day a challenging task. Yet, a functioning evaluation approach in early design stages is the prerequisite for integrating assessment results in engineering processes and thus allowing for a life cycle oriented decision making. The current paper aims to contribute to the goal of a prospective life cycle evaluation of fiber-reinforced lightweight body parts by improving models that enable to predict energy and material flows in the manufacturing stage. To this end, a modeling and simulation approach has been developed that integrates bottom-up process models into a process chain model. The approach is exemplarily applied on a case study of a door concept. In particular, the energy intensity of compression molding of glass fiber and carbon fiber sheet molding compounds has been analyzed and compared over the life cycle with a steel reference part.
Lindsay K. Elle,Raylene A. Reimer 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Journal of medicinal food Vol.13 No.5
A systematic evaluation of the effects of calcium (Ca) and protein source on food intake and taste aversion (TA) in rats is lacking. The purpose of this research was twofold: (1) to determine if Sprague-Dawley rats display TA to standard rat chow supplemented with 2.4% Ca and (2) to determine if short (24-hour) and long-term (weekly) food intake and weight gain are altered when rats are given access to diets containing various protein sources (casein, whey, dairy, or soy). Rats were assigned to one of two diet groups to examine high (2.4%) versus low (0.67%) Ca or to one of four groups to examine taste preference of diets where the sole protein was one of casein, soy, whey, or complete dairy. A crossover design was used to ensure rats consumed all test diets. Food intake and behavioral sequence of satiety were measured. There was no TA to the 2.4% Ca diet or to any protein source. Food intake did not differ between the two Ca diets or between the four protein diets. The dairy diet attenuated weekly weight gain compared to all other diets except whey. Overall, this study suggests that the levels of Ca and types of protein used in previous work addressing changes in body weight in rats do not influence food intake or trigger TA.