English in Brazil : Between Passive Acquiescence and Insurgent Chauvinism

Rajagopalan, Kanavillil,Freitas, Alice Cunha De 대한언어학회 2002 언어학 Vol.10 No.2

Rajagopalan, Kanavillil and Freitas, Alice Cunha de. 2002. English in Brazil: Between Passive Acquiescence and Insurgent Chauvinism. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal,, 10(2), 85 110. The imperialist pretensions of the English language across the globe have increasingly been the focus of attention ever since the publication of such classics as Phillipson (1992), Pennycook (1994, 1998) and others. Whereas these early writers did issue a wake up call to all those interested in the subject in way or one another, the larger picture they succeeded in portraying whether or not they actually int ended to do so was one of utter helplessness in the face of a world wide trend which had an inexorable internal purposiveness of its own and against which conventional deterrents seemed hopelessly inadequate Mare recently, however, some scholars have locked at the same phenomenon from the standpoint of those on the periphery and pointed out ways and means by which resistance can be and often is offered ,order even the most trying of circumstances (Canagarajah, 1999). This paper is an attempt to take stock of the situation in Brazil. We claim that the situation of EEL is, as of now, one of stalemate: caught in the middle of contradictory trends and ambiguously poised between the extreme responses of total acquiescence and outright rejection of English.

Fullerenol-Based Electroactive Artificial Muscles Utilizing Biocompatible Polyetherimide

Rajagopalan, Mahendran,Oh, Il-Kwon American Chemical Society 2011 ACS NANO Vol.5 No.3

<P>Two essential functional requirements for electroactive artificial muscles, which can be used for biomedical active devices, are biocompatibility and sufficient range of motion. Fullerenol nanoparticles and their derivatives have been validated as potential candidates to be used for nanobiomaterials and biomedical applications because of their excellent proton conductivity, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility. We developed fullerenol-based electroactive artificial muscles utilizing biocompatible polyetherimide. By using a solvent recasting method, present ionic networking membranes have been successfully synthesized with homogeneous dispersion of polyhydroxylated fullerene (PHF) nanoparticles into a sulfonated polyetherimide (SPEI) matrix. In comparison with pure SPEI membranes, the PHF−SPEI nanocomposite membranes show much higher water uptake and proton conductivity, which are both essential characteristics for high-performance ionic polymer actuators. The developed PHF−SPEI actuator shows over three times larger motion ranges and two times higher blocking forces than the pure SPEI actuator. The excellent biocompatibility of PHF and SPEI makes these actuators promising candidate materials for biomedical devices such as active stents and catheters.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2011/ancac3.2011.5.issue-3/nn103521g/production/images/medium/nn-2010-03521g_0016.gif'></P>

Reduced chemically modified graphene oxide for supercapacitor electrode

Rajagopalan, Balasubramaniyan,Chung, Jin Suk Springer 2014 NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS Vol.9 No.1

<P>An efficient active material for supercapacitor electrodes is prepared by reacting potassium hydroxide (KOH) with graphene oxide followed by chemical reduction with hydrazine. The electrochemical performance of KOH treated graphene oxide reduced for 24 h (reduced chemically modified graphene oxide, RCMGO-24) exhibits a specific capacitance of 253 F g<SUP>-1</SUP> at 0.2 A g<SUP>-1</SUP> in 2 M H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> compared to a value of 141 F g<SUP>-1</SUP> for graphene oxide reduced for 24 h (RGO-24), and good cyclic stability up to 3,000 cycles. Interestingly, RCMGO-24 demonstrated a higher specific capacitance and excellent cycle stability due to its residual oxygen functional groups that accelerate the faradaic reactions and aid in faster wetting. This non-annealed strategy offers the potential for simple and cost-effective preparation of an active material for a supercapacitor electrode.</P>

Redox synthesis of poly (<i>p</i>–phenylenediamine)–reduced graphene oxide for the improvement of electrochemical performance of lithium titanate in lithium–ion battery anode

Rajagopalan, Balasubramaniyan,Kim, Byeongsu,Hur, Seung Hyun,Yoo, Ik-Keun,Chung, Jin Suk Elsevier 2017 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.709 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Poly (<I>p</I>–phenylenediamine)–reduced graphene oxide/lithium titanate (P<I>p</I>PDA–RGO)/Li<SUB>4</SUB>Ti<SUB>5</SUB>O<SUB>12</SUB> (PG/LTO) nanocomposites were prepared by a simple one–step synthesis procedure using the redox reactions of a graphene oxide/LTO (GO/LTO) suspension and <I>p</I>–phenylenediamine (<I>p</I>PDA). The effect of <I>p</I>PDA on both the reduction of GO and the electrochemical performance in a lithium battery anode was systematically evaluated at different <I>p</I>PDA loadings. The rate capabilities of the PG/LTO nanocomposites were found to be superior to those of both GO/LTO and pristine LTO. Optimum electrochemical performance was ultimately obtained with a <I>p</I>PDA:GO ratio of 3:1. The use of <I>p</I>PDA increased the reduction of GO/LTO and ensured good contact between the RGO and LTO, thereby increasing the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A one step preparation of RGO/LTO through the redox reactions of <I>p</I>PDA and GO/LTO. </LI> <LI> The P<I>p</I>PDA helps to provide a sufficient contact between RGO and LTO. </LI> <LI> The large loading of <I>p</I>PDA improves the reduction of GO to RGO. </LI> <LI> The RGO decreases the charge transfer resistance of the electrode. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Understanding the Multi-Functional Role of TCTP in the Regeneration Process of Earthworm, Perionyx excavatus

Rajagopalan Kamarajan,Christyraj Jackson Durairaj Selvan,Chelladurai Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar,Das Puja,Mahendran Karthikeyan,Nagarajan Logeshwari,Gunalan Saritha 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2024 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.21 No.2

Background: Regeneration is a highly complex process that requires the coordination of numerous molecular events, and identifying the key ruler that governs is important to investigate. While it has been shown that TCTP is a multi-functional protein that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, anti-apoptosis, stem cell maintenance, and immune responses, but only a few studies associated to regeneration have been reported. To investigate the multi-functional role of TCTP in regeneration, the earthworm Perionyx excavatus was chosen. Methods: Through pharmacological suppression of TCTP, amputation, histology, molecular docking, and western blotting, the multi-function role of TCTP involved in regeneration is revealed. Results: Amputational studies show that P. excavatus is a clitellum-independent regenerating earthworm resulting in two functional worms upon amputation. Arresting cell cycle at the G1/S boundary using 2 mM Thymidine confirms that P. excavatus execute both epimorphosis and morphallaxis regeneration mode. The pharmacological suppression of TCTP using buclizine results in regeneration suppression. Following the combinatorial injection of 2 mM Thymidine and buclizine, the earthworm regeneration is completely blocked, which suggests a critical functional role of TCTP in morphallaxis. The pharmacological inhibition of TCTP also suppresses the key proteins involved in regeneration: Wnt3a (stem cell marker), PCNA (cell proliferation) and YAP1 (Hippo signalling) but augments the expression of cellular stress protein p53. Conclusion: The collective results indicate that TCTP synchronously is involved in the process of stem cell activation, cell proliferation, morphallaxis, and organ development in the regeneration event. Background: Regeneration is a highly complex process that requires the coordination of numerous molecular events, and identifying the key ruler that governs is important to investigate. While it has been shown that TCTP is a multi-functional protein that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, anti-apoptosis, stem cell maintenance, and immune responses, but only a few studies associated to regeneration have been reported. To investigate the multi-functional role of TCTP in regeneration, the earthworm Perionyx excavatus was chosen. Methods: Through pharmacological suppression of TCTP, amputation, histology, molecular docking, and western blotting, the multi-function role of TCTP involved in regeneration is revealed. Results: Amputational studies show that P. excavatus is a clitellum-independent regenerating earthworm resulting in two functional worms upon amputation. Arresting cell cycle at the G1/S boundary using 2 mM Thymidine confirms that P. excavatus execute both epimorphosis and morphallaxis regeneration mode. The pharmacological suppression of TCTP using buclizine results in regeneration suppression. Following the combinatorial injection of 2 mM Thymidine and buclizine, the earthworm regeneration is completely blocked, which suggests a critical functional role of TCTP in morphallaxis. The pharmacological inhibition of TCTP also suppresses the key proteins involved in regeneration: Wnt3a (stem cell marker), PCNA (cell proliferation) and YAP1 (Hippo signalling) but augments the expression of cellular stress protein p53. Conclusion: The collective results indicate that TCTP synchronously is involved in the process of stem cell activation, cell proliferation, morphallaxis, and organ development in the regeneration event.

Luminescence and Magnetic Properties of Novel Nanoparticle-Sheathed 3D Micro-Architectures of Fe0.5R0.5(MoO4)1.5:Ln3+ (R = Gd3+, La3+), (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy) for Bifunctional Application

Rajagopalan Krishnan,Jagannathan Thirumalai,Arunkumar Kathiravan 대한금속·재료학회 2015 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.11 No.1

For the first time, we report the successful synthesis ofnovel nanoparticle-sheathed bipyramid-like and almond-likeFe0.5R0.5(MoO4)1.5:Ln3+ (R = Gd3+, La3+), (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy) 3Dhierarchical microstructures through a simple disodium ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (Na2EDTA) facilitated hydrothermalmethod. Interestingly, time-dependent experiments confirmthat the assembly-disassembly process is responsible for theformation of self-aggregated 3D architectures via Ostwald ripeningphenomena. The resultant products are characterized byx-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electronmicroscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electronmicroscopy (HRTEM), photoluminescence (PL), and magneticmeasurements. The growth and formation mechanisms of theself-assembled 3D micro structures are discussed in detail. Toconfirm the presence of all the elements in the microstructure,the energy loss induced by the K, L shell electron ionization isobserved in order to map the Fe, Gd, Mo, O, and Eu components. The photo luminescence properties of Fe0.5R0.5(MoO4)1.5doped with Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+ are investigated. The room temperature and low temperature magnetic properties suggest that theinteraction between the local-fields introduced by the magnetic Fe3+ ions and the R3+ (La, Gd) ions in the dodecahedral sitesdetermine the magnetism in Fe0.5R0.5(MoO4)1.5:Eu3+. This work provides a new approach to synthesizing the novelFe0.5R0.5(MoO4)1.5:Ln3+ for bi-functional magnetic and luminescence applications.

Simultaneous Effects of Adhesion and Poly - dispersity on Microstructures and Geometrical Properties in Particle Deposition

Rajagopalan, Raj,Kim, Hern 한국화학공학회 1995 NICE Vol.13 No.1

The simultaneous effects of adhesion and polydispersity un packing(or deposit) microstructures and their bulk properties are examined. the results show that the microstructures and bulk properties of the deposits vary sharply with the introduction of even small adhesion and polydispersity. A structural phase diagram is obtained as functions of adhesion and polydispersity. Increases in adhesion lead to noticeable or large fluctuations in packing fractions for polydisperse systems. However, the packing fraction can be stabilized and the fluctuations greatly reduced regardless of the magnitude of the polydispersity index by keeping the adhesion relatively low(i.e., s≤0.1).

SIMULTANEOUS EFFECTS OF ADHESION AND POLY - DISPERSITY ON MICROSTRUCTURES AND GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES IN PARTICLE DEPOSITION

Rajagopalan, Raj,Kim, Hern 한국화학공학회 1994 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.11 No.4

The simultaneous effects of adhesion and polydispersity on packing (or deposit) microstructures and their bulk properties are examined. The results show that the microstructures and bulk properties of the deposits vary sharply with the introduction of even small adhesion and polydispersity. A structural phase diagram is obtained as functions of adhesion and polydispersity. Increases in adhesion lead to noticeable or large fluctuations in packing fractions for polydisperse systems. However, the packing fraction can be stabilized and the fluctuations greatly reduced regardless of fhe magnitude of the polydispersity index by keeping the adhesion relatively low (i.e., s≤0.1).

MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SINTERING BEHAVIOR OF INTRA - GRAIN PORES

Rajagopalan, Raj,Kim, Hern 한국화학공학회 1998 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.15 No.6

A lattice-based Monte Carlo simulation approach has been developed for studying the behavior of intragrain pores during the intermediate and final stages of sintering. The changes of the microstructures and the resulting properties of intra-grain pores during sintering are easily examined. The sintering behavior such as pore size distribution, average pore size, etc. is in very good agreement with the experimental observations. In addition, the relationships between the number of pores and the average pore volume agree well with theory.

CHARACTERIZATION OF SIMULATED MICROSTRUCTURES IN POLYDISPERSE PARTICLE DEPOSITION

Rajagopalan, Raj,Kim, Hern 한국화학공학회 1994 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.11 No.4

The deposition of polydisperse particles under the influence of gravity is examined using computer simulation. A parameter, σ, that represents the standard deviation of particle size is used for studying the effect of the variation in polydispersity on the resulting microstructures. Structural correlations are examined through contact networks, radial and angular distribution functions, and diffraction patterns. The results show that the onset of ordering appears near σ=0.05 as σ is decreased. The long-range ordering of the structures is not influenced by the introduction of a small amount of polydispersity, which may increase the uniformity of local density distribution in the angular direction. Polydisperse systems with small deviations in size display stronger positional order in some directions and this in turn contributes to the uniformity of overall packing structures.