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Inhomogeneity of CoCrW powder products manufactured by SLM technology
Anna Guzanová,Dagmar Draganovská,Gabriela Ižaríková,Janette Brezinová,Viktória Rajťúková,Jozef Živčák,Radovan Hudák,Erik Janoško,Róbert Moro 대한기계학회 2021 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.35 No.10
The article deals with selective laser melting process using CoCrW powder. Our aim was to identify the influence of product position on the building platform and the re-use of powder on roughness, hardness, porosity and corrosion properties of materials, made under uniform process parameters. Roughness was tested with a stylus profilometer, corrosion resistance by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization. Porosity was assessed by image analysis on metallographic sections taken in two mutually perpendicular directions. The same metallographic sections were used to measure microhardness. The results confirmed a statistically significant dependence of the surface roughness with the position on the platform as well as with the recycling of the powder used. The corrosion resistance of the materials was excellent. Increased porosity values and lower hardness occurred in the middle of the building platform. The reason for the variation of the properties within the building platform can be seen in the unequal laser input energy in the individual positions of the plate.
Analytical Modelling and Simulation Analysis of Junctionless Nanotube (JL NT) MOSFET
Raj Kumar,Raj Kumar,Arvind Kumar 한국전기전자재료학회 2022 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.23 No.4
In this paper, an analytical model for junctionless nanotube (JLNT) MOSFET has been developed. The analytical model for minimum central potential, threshold voltage and drain current has been developed by using variable separation method. These model expressions are further applied to analyse the Short Channel Effects (SCEs) of JL NT MOSFET. The electrical performance of proposed device has been investigated by varying different process parameters such as silicon nanotube thickness, gate oxide thickness, and gate length. All the results of developed models have been validated by comparing with so obtained simulated results from genius 3D device simulator of VisualTCAD for different device parameters. JLNT MOSFET with appropriate design parameters can be further explored for circuit applications.
Ionic liquid assisted recovery of cobalt and nickel metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
( Raj Tirath ),( Raj Morya ),( Ashutosh Kumar Pandey ),( Sang-hyoun Kim ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2022 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2022 No.-
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become an essential component of the energy supply chain for transportation (in electric vehicles) and renewable energy storage systems. This surge in demand necessitates an increase in production, which, in turn, results in a large number of waste LIBs. LIB cathode material primarily contains heavy metal elements such as nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), which are potentially hazardous to human health and the environment if discarded improperly. The leaching of Co and Ni into various water streams has become an environmental hazard and is continuously affecting human health through the food chain. Thus, recycling spent LIBs has gotten a lot of attention because it provides a cost-effective way to ensure a steady supply of these metals for LIB remanufacturing. Thus, recycling spent LIBs has received a lot of attention because it offers a cost-effective way to ensure a steady supply of these metals for LIB remanufacturing while also encouraging safer environmental load reduction. Solvent extraction is the most widely accepted method for separating these metals, but traditional extractants employed in conjunction with molecular diluents often lack selectivity and cause major environmental hurdles. Thus, the present study demonstrated a state-of-the-art approach for the recovery of cobalt and nickel from waste LIBs using green ionic liquids, which is such as recycling from a sustainable perspective. Ionic liquids are molten salts of organic cation and inorganic/ organic anion and are considered as green solvents. Here in, two halogen-free, low viscous, biocompatible fatty acid-based hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized, characterized, and used to recover cobalt, Co(II), and nickel, Ni(II), from aqueous solutions. The extraction behaviors of Co(II) and Ni(II) were studied further by varying the equilibrium time, ILs molar concentration, metal loading, and temperature. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change and Gibbs free energy change were also investigated showed that metal recovery is governed by metal transfer phenomenon. Study revealed that fatty acid-based ILs were found to be capable of extracting > 99 % Co(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions at 298 K in 15 minutes using a 1:1 (org: aq.) ratio at low concentrations of 2.5 to 10 g L<sup>-1</sup>. Furthermore, when the metal concentration was greater than 10 g L<sup>-1</sup>, Co(II) extraction was preferred over Ni(II) extraction for methyltrioctylammonium oleate IL.
Design and Challenges of Banking and Foreign Exchange Regulation in India
( Raj Bhala ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2015 The Asian Business Lawyer Vol.16 No.-
In the post-British Raj Era, two hallmarks characterize Indian banking law: financial inclusion and financial liberalization. Indian banking law and policy has emphasized incorporation of the unbanked and under-banked as part of an overall development strategy to alleviate poverty. This emphasis has been consistent since 1947. Also since Partition, that law and policy has regulated foreign exchange (FX). But, on this topic India reversed course. In the 1990s, India shifted from Nehruvian Socialiststyle controls to FX liberalization. To some degree, underlying both the consistent emphasis on financial inclusion, and the new turn toward financial liberalization, are long-held suspicions in India about unbridled western-style financial markets. The suspicions may work to India’s long-term advantage. Unchecked financial liberalization may undermine financial inclusion, so a cautionary approach may avoid exacerbating marginalization. Simply put, the principal challenge for Indian banking law and policy is to continue liberalization while furthering inclusion. Can India achieve inclusive liberalization?
Neerja Raj,Vineet Raj,Himanshu Aeran 대한치과보철학회 2012 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.4 No.4
The velopharynx is a tridimensional muscular valve located between the oral and nasal cavities, consisting of the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls and the soft palate, and controls the passage of air. Velopharyngeal insufficiency may take place when the velopharyngeal valve is unable to perform its own closing, due to a lack of tissue or lack of proper movement. Treatment options include surgical correction, prosthetic rehabilitation, and speech therapy; though optimal results often require a multidisciplinary approach for the restoration of both anatomical and physiological defect. We report a case of 56 year old male patient presenting with hypernasal speech pattern and velopharyngeal insufficiency secondary to cleft palate which had been surgically corrected 18 years ago. The patient was treated with a combination of speech therapy and palatal lift prosthesis employing interim prostheses in various phases before the insertion of definitive appliance. This phase-wise treatment plan helped to improve patient's compliance and final outcome.
Pant, Hem Raj,Bajgai, Madhab Prasad,Nam, Ki Taek,Seo, Yun A.,Pandeya, Dipendra Raj,Hong, Seong Tshool,Kim, Hak Yong Elsevier 2011 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.185 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In this study, electrospun nylon-6 spider-net like nanofiber mats containing TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles (TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NPs) were successfully prepared. The nanofiber mats containing TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NPs were characterized by SEM, FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA and EDX analyses. The results revealed that fibers in two distinct sizes (nano and subnano scale) were obtained with the addition of a small amount of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NPs. In low TiO<SUB>2</SUB> content nanocomposite mats, these nanofiber weaves were found uniformly loaded with TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NPs on their wall. The presence of a small amount of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NPs in nylon-6 solution was found to improve the hydrophilicity (antifouling effect), mechanical strength, antimicrobial and UV protecting ability of electrospun mats. The resultant nylon-6/TiO<SUB>2</SUB> antimicrobial spider-net like composite mat with antifouling effect may be a potential candidate for future water filter applications, and its improved mechanical strength and UV blocking ability will also make it a potential candidate for protective clothing.</P>
Pant, Hem Raj,Pandeya, Dipendra Raj,Nam, Ki Taek,Baek, Woo-il,Hong, Seong Tshool,Kim, Hak Yong Elsevier 2011 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.189 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Silver-impregnated TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/nylon-6 nanocomposite mats exhibit excellent characteristics as a filter media with good photocatalytic and antibacterial properties and durability for repeated use. Silver nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully embedded in electrospun TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/nylon-6 composite nanofibers through the photocatalytic reduction of silver nitrate solution under UV-light irradiation. TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NPs present in nylon-6 solution were able to cause the formation of a high aspect ratio spider-wave-like structure during electrospinning and facilitated the UV photoreduction of AgNO<SUB>3</SUB> to Ag. TEM images, UV–visible and XRD spectra confirmed that monodisperse Ag NPs (approximately 4nm in size) were deposited selectively upon the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NPs of the prepared nanocomposite mat. The antibacterial property of a TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/nylon-6 composite mat loaded with Ag NPs was tested against <I>Escherichia coli</I>, and the photoactive property was tested against methylene blue. All of the results showed that TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/nylon-6 nanocomposite mats loaded with Ag NPs are more effective than composite mats without Ag NPs. The prepared material has potential as an economically friendly photocatalyst and water filter media because it allows the NPs to be reused.</P>
Raj Kumar Mongre,Simrinder Singh Sodhi,Mrinmoy Ghosh,Jeong Hyun Kim,Nameun Kim,Neelesh Sharma,Dong Kee Jeong 한국발생생물학회 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.4
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant primary bone tumors and NF-κB appears to play a causative role, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. OS is one of the pleomorphic, highly metastasized and invasive neoplasm which is capable to generate osteoid, osteoclast and osteoblast matrix. Its high incidence has been reported in adolescent and children. Cell signal cascade is the pivotal functional mechanism acquired during the differentiation, proliferation, growth and survival of the cells in neoplasm including OS. The major limitation to the success of chemotherapy in OS is the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Answers to all such queries might come from the knock-in experiments in which the combined approach of miRNAs with NF-κB pathway is put into use. Abnormal miRNAs can modulate several epigenetical switching as a hallmark of number of diseases via different cell signaling. Studies on miRNAs have opened up the new avenues for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancers including OS. Collectively, through the present study an attempt has been made to establish a new systematic approach for the investigation of microRNAs, biophysiological factors and their target pairs with NF-κB to ameliorate oncogenesis with the “bridge between miRNAs and NF- κB”. The application of NF-κB inhibitors in combination with miRNAs is expected to result in a more efficient killing of the cancer stem cells and a slower or less likely recurrence of cancer.
Raj, M.,Kim, M.,Kim, H.,Lee, G. Y.,Park, C.,Park, T. Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.5 No.7
<P>We report a comparative study on the thermal-and microwave-assisted Stille-coupling polymerization of a benzodithiophene-based donor-acceptor polymer (PTB7). For this study, we synthesized PTB7 polymers through Stille-coupling polymerization under microwave conditions (M-PTB7, M-n = 75 kg mol(-1), and D = 2.2) as well as thermal conditions (T-PTB7, M-n = 31 kg mol(-1), D = 2.1). Although the microwave-assisted method increases the molecular weight of PTB7 in a short time, the power conversion efficiency of MPTB7 (2.8%) is lower than that of T-PTB7 (7.8%). The microwave-assisted method was found to generate more structural defects from homo-coupling side reactions, resulting in a decrease in J(SC) and FF values for M-PTB7. Our findings highlight the importance of controlling the generation of homocoupled units during the synthesis of PTB7 polymers for high-performance PSCs.</P>
Raj, St.,Fandrejewski, H.,Weremko, D.,Skiba, G.,Buraczewska, L.,Zebrowska, T.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.6
Four groups of six growing gilts each were fed ad libitum diets composed of cereals and soyabean (SBM) or rapeseed (RSM) meal and containing two levels of crude protein: high - 18.0% (RSM-H) and 16.9% (SBM-H) or low - 15.6% (RSM-L) and 15.1% (SBM-L). The diets were balanced by supplementation with crystalline amino acids and contained apparent ileal digestible lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in proportions (1.00:0.32:0.57:0.18) according to CVB (1995). Voluntary feed intake, weight gain and slaughter and chemical body composition of animals were assessed. Protein and energy balances from 25 to 70 kg body weight were calculated by the comparative slaughter method. Protein source had a significant effect on voluntary feed intake; it was 0.12 kg/d lower in pigs fed the SBM than RSM-diets. Pigs fed on the SBM-L diet consumed the least amount of feed (2.17 kg). Daily gain (average, $900{\pm}12.59g$) and feed conversion ratio ($2.54{\pm}0.04kg/kg$) were not statistically affected by source (SMB and RSM) and protein level (high and low). In empty body similar amounts (g/kg) of protein (163 g), water (635 g) and ash (28 g) were found. However, pigs fed the RSM-L diet were fatter than those fed the SBM-L diet (188 vs. 161 g/kg). No statistical differences were observed in daily protein deposition, which on average amounted to $142{\pm}11g$, or carcass characteristics. An improvement of crude protein utilization by 6.3 percentage units was found by decreasing the protein concentration in the diets. Heat production in the body was not significantly affected by the treatments.