Validation of Prediction Equations of Energy Values of a Single Ingredient or Their Combinations in Male Broilers

R.R. Alvarenga,P.B. Rodrigues,M.G. Zangeronimo,E.C. Oliveira,F.C.M.Q. Mariano,E.M.C. Lima,L.P. Naves,N.B.S. Nardelli,N.B.S. Nardelli 아세아·태평양축산학회 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.9

A set of prediction equations to estimate the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of individual ingredients and diets used in the poultry feed industry was evaluated. The AMEn values of three energy ingredients (maize, sorghum and defatted maize germ meal), four protein ingredients (soybean meal, maize gluten meal 60% crude protein, integral micronized soy and roasted whole soybean) and four diets (three containing four feedstuffs, complex diets, and one containing only corn-soybean meal, basal diet) were determined using a metabolism assay with male broilers from 1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 35, and 36 to 42 days old. These values were compared to the AMEn values presented in the tables of energy composition or estimated by equation predictions based on chemical composition data of feedstuffs. In general, the equation predictions more precisely estimated the AMEn of feedstuffs when compared to the tables of energy composition. The equation AMEn (dry matter [DM] basis) = 4,164.187+51.006 ether extract (% in DM basis)–197.663 ash–35.689 crude fiber (% in DM basis)–20.593 neutral detergent fiber (% in DM basis) (R2 = 0.75) was the most applicable for the prediction of the energy values of feedstuffs and diets used in the poultry feed industry.

True Digestibility of Phosphorus in Different Resources of Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs

Wu, X.,Ruan, Z.,Zhang, Y.G.,Hou, Y.Q.,Yin, Y.L.,Li, T.J.,Huang, R.L.,Chu, W.Y.,Kong, X.F.,Gao, B.,Chen, L.X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.1

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

Effect of the Transformed Lactobacillus with Phytase Gene on Pig Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gut Microbes and Serum Biochemical Indexes

Yin, Q.Q.,Chang, J.,Zuo, R.Y.,Chen, L.Y.,Chen, Q.X.,Wei, X.Y.,Guan, Q.F.,Sun, J.W.,Zheng, Q.H.,Yang, X.,Ren, G.Z. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.2

In order to improve the availability of phytase and probiotics together, a phytase gene from Aspergillus ficuum has been expressed in Lactobacillus. In this study, the transformed Lactobacillus with phytase gene was fed to pigs to determine its effect on pig production, feed conversion and gut microbes. Forty eight, 60-day-old, castrated pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Pietrain) were assigned to 6 groups, 8 pigs for each group. Group 1 was the control, group 2 was added with chlortetracycline (500 mg/kg), group 3 was added with the transformed Lactobacillus (500 mg/kg) with 20% (w/w) of calcium monohydrogen phosphate (CMP, $CaHPO_{4}$) removed, group 4 was added with the natural Lactobacillus (500 mg/kg) with 20% (w/w) of CMP removed, group 5 was added with the transformed Lactobacillus (500 mg/kg) with 40% (w/w) of CMP removed, group 6 was added with phytase (500 mg/kg) with 40% (w/w) of CMP removed. The results showed: i) the average daily gain (ADG) was improved in groups 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.05); ii) the diarrhea rates in the groups added with Lactobacillus were lower than in the other groups (p<0.05), in which the transformed Lactobacillus had more effect on reducing digestive disease; iii) the transformed Lactobacillus was most effective in improving the digestibilities of crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), compared with the other groups (p<0.05); iv) Lactobacillus could increase lactic acid bacterium number and ammonia concentrations, and decrease pH values and E. coli number in pig feces (p<0.05); v) the phytase activity in the feces of pigs fed with the transformed Lactobacillus was 133.32 U/g, which was higher than in group 4 (9.58 U/g, p<0.05), and was almost the same as group 6 (135.94 U/g); vi) the transformed Lactobacillus could increase serum concentrations of IgA, triglyceride, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity (p<0.05), and had no significant effect on other serum indexes (p>0.05).

Dynamics of kinetic geodesic-acoustic modes and the radial electric field in tokamak neoclassical plasmas

Xu, X.Q.,Belli, E.,Bodi, K.,Candy, J.,Chang, C.S.,Cohen, R.H.,Colella, P.,Dimits, A.M.,Dorr, M.R.,Gao, Z.,Hittinger, J.A.,Ko, S.,Krasheninnikov, S.,McKee, G.R.,Nevins, W.M.,Rognlien, T.D.,Snyder, P.B. International Atomic Energy Agency 2009 Nuclear fusion Vol.49 No.6

<P>We present edge gyrokinetic simulations of tokamak plasmas using the fully non-linear (full-<I>f</I>) continuum code TEMPEST. A non-linear Boltzmann model is used for the electrons. The electric field is obtained by solving the 2D gyrokinetic Poisson equation. We demonstrate the following. (1) High harmonic resonances (<I>n</I> > 2) significantly enhance geodesic-acoustic mode (GAM) damping at high <I>q</I> (tokamak safety factor), and are necessary to explain the damping observed in our TEMPEST <I>q</I>-scans and consistent with the experimental measurements of the scaling of the GAM amplitude with edge <I>q</I><SUB>95</SUB> in the absence of obvious evidence that there is a strong <I>q</I>-dependence of the turbulent drive and damping of the GAM. (2) The kinetic GAM exists in the edge for steep density and temperature gradients in the form of outgoing waves, its radial scale is set by the ion temperature profile, and ion temperature inhomogeneity is necessary for GAM radial propagation. (3) The development of the neoclassical electric field evolves through different phases of relaxation, including GAMs, their radial propagation and their long-time collisional decay. (4) Natural consequences of orbits in the pedestal and scrape-off layer region in divertor geometry are substantial non-Maxwellian ion distributions and parallel flow characteristics qualitatively like those observed in experiments.</P>

Effects of Iron from an Amino Acid Complex on the Iron Status of Neonatal and Suckling Piglets

Wei, K.Q.,Xu, Z.R.,Luo, X.G.,Zeng, L.L.,Chen, W.R.,Timothy, M.F. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.10

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of iron from an amino acid complex (Availa-$Fe^{\circledR}$) on the iron status of neonatal and suckling piglets. A total of 24 gestating sows (Landrace${\times}$Large White) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments. The control diet contained 80 mg $kg^{-1}$ Fe from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate ($FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$), while the two experimental diets were supplemented with an additional 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ Fe from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, respectively. The lactating sows remained the same iron treatments as gestating sows, while neonatal piglets of 24 litters born from the above sows were allotted to another three treatments. Piglets from the sows of the control treatment were fed basal diet with no supplemental Fe as control treatment, but were injected with 100 mg Fe as Fe dextran at birth. Piglets from the sows of Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatments were supplemented with 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, respectively. The total born alive and weaned, and the average piglets weight at birth and at weaning were not significantly affected by the sow' dietary treatments (p>0.05). Iron from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and plasma iron of sows on day 90 and 105 of pregnancy and the milk iron of sows during lactation (p>0.05). Neonatal piglets in the Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment had a significantly higher hemoglobin concentration (p<0.05) and higher hematocrit and plasma iron (p>0.05) than those in the other two treatments, respectively. The hemoglobin of suckling piglets in the Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment was higher than that of piglets in $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatment on day 28 (p<0.05). The total iron binding capacity of piglets in Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment was lower than that of piglets in the control and $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatment on day 14 (p<0.05), but there was not a statistically significant difference among three treatments on day 28 (p>0.05). However, the hemoglobin and hematocrit of suckling piglets injected with Fe were higher than those of piglets in the other two treatments (p<0.05). This study indicated that the addition of 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from amino acid complex into the diets improved iron status of neonatal and nursing piglets more effectively than the addition of 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, however, this improvement of the organic Fe was not sufficient to replace the Fe injection for prevention of iron-deficiency anemia.

Optical Nanostructures Fabricated by SU-8 based Nanoimprint Lithography

R. Liu,B.-R. Lu,S.-Q. Xie,J. Wan,Z. Shu,X.-P. Qu,Y. Chen 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.3

The high resolution low-cost and high-volume nano-pattering capability of the nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and the high optical transmittance of SU-8 in the infrared, the visible and the near-UV light ranges have enabled us to apply the SU-8 based NIL to produce various optical nanostructures. We fabricated dielectric and metallic gratings of various groove density (1000 – 5000 lines/mm) in a relatively large area (10 mm × 10 mm) and planar chiral photonic meta-material structure in SU-8 with periods of both 600 nm and 4 μm. We also designed and successfully fabricated distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with Si/SiO2/SU8/air structures Optical measurements of the SU-8 based nanostructures showed good optical performance and interesting properties, and the experimental data agree reasonably well with simulation results. The high resolution low-cost and high-volume nano-pattering capability of the nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and the high optical transmittance of SU-8 in the infrared, the visible and the near-UV light ranges have enabled us to apply the SU-8 based NIL to produce various optical nanostructures. We fabricated dielectric and metallic gratings of various groove density (1000 – 5000 lines/mm) in a relatively large area (10 mm × 10 mm) and planar chiral photonic meta-material structure in SU-8 with periods of both 600 nm and 4 μm. We also designed and successfully fabricated distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with Si/SiO2/SU8/air structures Optical measurements of the SU-8 based nanostructures showed good optical performance and interesting properties, and the experimental data agree reasonably well with simulation results.

PREPARATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON CARBIDE FILMS WITH HIGH SEEBECK COEFFICIENT AND LOW RESISTIVITY

Q. R. HOU,B. F. GU,Y. B. CHEN 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2011 NANO Vol.6 No.2

Nanocrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) thin films with 5 ~ 10 nm grain size, large Seebeck coefficient (-0.393 mV/K), and low electrical resistivity (3.2 ×10-4 Ohm-m) have been successfully prepared on oxidized silicon substrates by magnetron sputtering of SiC and Al targets. It was found that the addition of a small amount of Al into the SiC film, the high deposition temperature (760 K), and the high thermal annealing temperature (1063 K) were necessary to achieve the goal. The Seebeck coefficient versus logarithm of temperature in the temperature range 383 K to 533 K was a straight line with a slope of -0.999 mV/K. The value of 0.999 mV/K is much larger than the theoretical value of 0.129 mV/K for conventional semiconductors.

2. De Novo Synthesis of Amino Acids and Protein as Affected by S-deprivation and Sulfate Resupply in Brassica napus L.

Q. Zhang,B. R. Lee,S. H. Park,R. Zaman,T. H. Kim 한국초지조사료학회 2014 한국초지조사료학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

Fatigue life enhancement of defective structures by bonded repairs

Q. Y. Wang,N. Kawagoishi,Q. Chen,R. M. Pidaparti 국제구조공학회 2004 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.18 No.3

ENHANCEMENT OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER FACTOR BY A SILICON SPACER IN MODULATION-DOPED Si-HMS-Si

Q. R. HOU,B. F. GU,Y. B. CHEN,Y. J. HE 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2011 NANO Vol.6 No.5

The introduction of an un-doped silicon layer (spacer) enhances significantly the thermoelectric power factor in modulation-doped Si(Al)-MnSi_(1.7)-Si(Al) sandwich structure. This un-doped silicon layer is inserted between the MnSi_(1.7) (HMS) and Al-doped silicon layers. With a proper spacer thickness, the electrical resistivity decreases sharply and is weakly dependent on temperature from 300 K to 683 K. As a result, the thermoelectric power factor can reach 0.973 × 10^(-3) W/m-K^2 at 683 K, which is about ten times larger than that of an ordinary MnSi_(1.7) film without modulation doping.