성인 급성 신부전의 원인 및 예후인자 분석

구영선,장윤경,양종오,강민규,황평주,김종학,나기량,이강욱,신영태 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.2

Acute renal failure is a frequent complication in hospitalized patients and is strongly related to the mortality. The Clinical outcome and prognostic factors of acute renal failure(ARF) have been analyzed by many authors. The present study describes the etiologic and clinical aspects, as well as other factors related to mortality. All the patients suffering from acute renal failure admitted during the period of January 1993 - August 1998 were included in the study. The average age of the patients was 52±17 years and mortality rate was 24%. The causes of acute renal failure were hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS), sepsis, renal hypoperfusion, urinary tract obstruction, acute tubular necrosis, etc. The etiology of ARF was a significant prognostic factor on mortality in ARF. Other significant prognostic factors were oliguria, organ failure, use of vasoconstrictors, hypotension, serum bicarbonate, premorbid conditions, sepsis, neurologic complications, gastrointestinal bleeding. On the other hands, operation, sex, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, BUN, serum creatinine, and hyperkalemia were not significant factors for the mortality. We conclude that major prognostic factors of acute renal failure arc premorbid conditions, sepsis and multiorgan failure, and they are responsible for persistent high mortality of acute renal failure despite of advances of medical care.

전신성 홍반성 낭창의 임상적 고찰

신영태,김종학,장윤경,양종오,구영선,강민규,황평주,나기량,이강욱,서광선 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

The epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical features, symptoms and signs laboratory findings, kidney pathology, and clinicopathologic correlation of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) were analyzed. The 63 patients studied were managed at the Department of Internal medicine, CNUH, from January 1983 to December 1997. Kidney biopsy was performed in 53 patients out of 63 patients with SLE. The results were as follows: 1. The ratio of male to female was 1:26. They were 12 to 71 years old and mean age was 32.1 years old. The peak age incidence was 4th decades(30%). 2. The most frequent chief complaint on admission was generalized edema. Most patients complain two or more symptoms. 3. Immunologic and renal disorders were the most frequently observed in the ARA criteria of SLE. And the positive ANA, hematologic disorder, malar rash, and arthritis, were observed in order of frequency. 4. Among the 53 patients with renal biopsy, 30 patients revealed class Ⅳ lupus nephritis(56%), class II in 12 patients(23%), class V in 8 patients(15%) and class III in 2 patients(6%). 5. The cases of lupus nephritis represented as nephrotic syndrome were high in the class IV with 68% and class V with 86%. 6. Of 30 patients who can be followed up, 5 patients resulted in death(17 % of mortality). They "were 14 to 57 years old and mean age was 28 years old. Follow up duration were from 1 month to 6 years and 3 months, and mean duration was 1 year and 1 month, but 3 cases 7. The causes of death were as follows: Two cases were due to seizure and coma resulted from CNS involvement. One was sepsis due to miliary the & pneumonia. One was dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure due to cardiac ac involvement. And the other one was sepsis and acute renal failure resulted from cellulitis. 8. Prednisolone was used in all patients basically, and methyl-prednisolone pulse therapy, antimalarials and alkylating agents were used in some cases. In the cases of combined therapy, the activity of SLE was well controlled.

Mineralogical studies on sulfide ore species of the Tong Myeong tungsten deposits

Pyeong koo Lee(李匉九),Chil sup So(蘇七燮),Se hyun Kim(金世鉉),Seong taek Yun(尹聖澤),Moon young Kim(金炆榮) 대한자원환경지질학회 1986 자원환경지질 Vol.19 No.5

스카른형 東明灰重石鑛床은 朝鮮系 大石灰岩統에 대비되는 三台山層과 이를 관입한 쥬라기 花崗閃綠岩과의 접촉대에 발달한 接觸交代鑛床이다. 鑛化作用은 스카른시기, 열수시기, 후기열수시기의 3회에 걸쳐 진행되었으며, 접촉부로부터 규회석, 투휘석, 투회석-석류석, 석류석, 베스비아나이트 스카른帶가 불규칙한 帶狀分布한다. 灰重石은 규회석스카른을 제외한 모든 스카른帶와 열수시기초기 石英脈에서 산출되며, 특히 磁硫鐵石, 方鉛石, 베스비아나이트와 밀접하게 共生한다. 즉 磁硫鐵石이 침전되면서 유리되 나온 水素이온은 모암인 石灰岩과 反應, 분리된 Ca이온의 活性度가 증가되며 灰重石이 침전된 것으로 사료된다. 한편 東明鑛山産 主 및 副成分 硫化鑛物을 대상으로한 物性실험 연구를 통하여, 鑛化時期 및 鑛物의 內部反射현상에 따른 反射度 · 微硬度의 상관성을 검토하고 光學的 對稱性을 연구하여 황동석과 백철석은 2軸性(-), 반동석은 2軸性(+)임을 밝혔으며 유비철석은 2軸性이나 對稱性을 결정할 수 없었다. 微硬度실험에서는 硬度가 낮은 광물일수록 하중에 따른 微硬度값의 변화경향이 적으며, 실험된 광물은 모두 특징적인 indentation을 보여 광물감정에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 고려된다. The skarn type tungsten deposits in Jechon area are developed in the contact aureole of Jurassic granodiorite and lower Paleozoic limestone beds. The Tong Myeong mine contains scheelite-bearing skarns found at and near the contacts between crystalline limestone and hornfels. Although the skarns are heterogeneous, there are clear patterns in the preferred associations and nonassociations of minerals on all scales. The skarn show a zonal arrangement from limestone to hydrothermal vein as follow: wollastonite skarn, clinopyroxene skarn, clinopyroxene-garnet skarn, garnet skarn, and vesuvianite skarn. Scheelite, abundant in all skarn units except wollastonite skarn and also in quartz veins near orebodies, is everywhere strongly correlated with pyrrhotite. It is implied that it was a stable phase throughout the evolution of the zoned skarns, at least in pyrrhotite-forming environments. Deposition of scheelite was probably widely caused by increasing aCa²⁺ in the fluid, resulting from associated and interrelated reactions: FeCl₂ aq+H₂S aq→FeS+2H⁺+2Cl⁻; and CaCO₃+2H⁺→Ca²⁺+H₂CO₃. The spectral reflection powers of nine sulfide species were studied, for three mineralization stage. The shapes and characteristics of the spectral reflectivity profiles are significant in their control of other optical properties. The characteristics of the Vickers microhardness and the optical symmetry for the minerals studied are discussed. Broad radicle groupings of the sulfides can be made with regard to the reflectivity-microhardness values.

광미와 오염토양 내 중금속 용출특성에 미치는 pH영향: 청양과 서보중석광산

이평구(Pyeong-koo Lee),(Min-ju Kang),(Sung-won Park),(Seung-jun Youm) 대한자원환경지질학회 2003 자원환경지질 Vol.36 No.6

Laboratory leaching experiment study carried out to estimate a extent of heavy metals that could be leached out when acid rain(pH 5.0-3.0) and strong acidic solution(pH 2.5-1.0) reacted with tailings and contaminated soils from abandoned metal mines. In slightly to moderately acid conditions(pH 5.0-3.0), As, Pb and Zn dissolutions became significantly increased with decreased pH in tailing, while dissolution of these elements was very limited in contaminated soil. These results suggested that moderately acid rainwater leaches Pb, As and Zn from the tailings, while these elements would remain fixed in contaminated soil. In the pH range of 2.5-1.0(strongly acid condition), Zn, Cd and Cu concentrations of leachate rapidly increased with decreased pH in contaminated soil, while Pb, As and Co dissolutions became importantly increased in tailings. The experimental solubility of Zn, Cd and Cu was very low even at very low pH values(up to pH 1), except for CY4(Cheongyang mine). These can result from an incomplete dissolution or the presence of less soluble mineral phases. So, the solubility of heavy metals depends not only on the pH values of leachate but also on the speciation of metals associated with contaminated soils and tailings. The relative mobility of each element within tailings at the pH 5.0-3.0 of the reaction solution was in the order of Pb>Zn>Cd>Co?Cu>As. In case of pH 2.5-1.0 of the reaction solution, the relative mobility of each element within contaminated soils and tailings were in the order of Zn>Cd>Cu>>Co>Pb?As for contaminated soils, and Pb>>Zn>Cd>As>Co>Cu for tailings. The obtained results could be useful for assessing the environmental effects and setting up the restoration plan in the areas. 용출실험 연구는 서보 및 청양광산의 광미와 오염토양이 산성비(pH 5.0∼3.0) 또는 강한 산성용액(pH 2.5∼1.0)과 반 응하였을 때 용출될 수 있는 중금속의 함량을 예측하기 위하여 실시되었다. pH 5.0∼3.0인 용액에서, pH가 낮아질수록 광미 내 비소, 납, 아연의 용해도는 많이 증가하였다. 반면에 토양에서의 중금속의 용해도는 매우 제한적이었다. 이와 같 은 결과로부터 산성비에 의하여 광미 내 납, 비소, 아연은 용출되나, 토양 내 이들 원소들은 고정되어 있음을 알 수 있 다. pH 2.5∼1.0인 강한 산성과 반응시에는 pH가 낮아질수록 오염된 토양 내 아연, 카드뮴, 구리의 농도가 급격히 증가 하는 반면, 광미 내에서는 납, 비소, 코발트의 용해도가 매우 증가한다. 한편, CY4(청양광산)를 제외한 광미 내 아연, 카 드뮴 및 구리의 용해도는 매우 낮은 pH(약 pH 1)에서 조차 낮은 용해도를 보여준다. 이것은 불완전 용해 또는 불용성 의 광물상의 존재에 기인한다. 따라서 중금속의 용해도는 반응 용액의 pH뿐만 아니라 광미 및 오염토양 내 존재하는 금 속의 존재형태에 영향을 받음을 알 수 있다. 반응용액의 pH가 5.0∼3.0인 경우, 광미에 함유된 원소들 간의 상대적인 이 동도는 Pb>Zn>Cd>Co?Cu>As이었다. 반응용액의 pH가 2.5∼1.0 사이인 경우, 금속원소들의 상대적인 이동도는 오염 토양의 경우 Zn>Cd>Cu≫Co>Pb?As이고, 광미로부터는 Pb≫Zn>Cd>As>Co>Cu이었다. 이러한 연구결과들은 이 지 역에서 광산 폐기물의 환경적 영향에 대한 평가를 가능하게 하고, 복원 계획에 대한 유용한 자료로 사용될 수 있다.

Assessment of the alteration and acid-generating potential of deep boreholes for geological disposal

Lee, Pyeong-Koo,Chae, Byung-Gon,Yu, Soonyoung,Choi, Junghae,Oh, Chamteut,Ji, Sang-Woo Springer-Verlag 2016 Environmental Earth Sciences Vol.75 No.7

<P>An integrated study, including mineralogy, geochemistry, lead isotopic composition, acid-base accounting, and factor analysis, was conducted on the rock core samples from two deep boreholes (AH1 and BH3) to assess the alteration and acid-generating potential of two representative lithologies of Korea (granite and geniss) for geological disposal. The alteration condition represents water circulation features in crystalline basement rocks, which is one of the key points to be assessed in repository sites. In addition, this study proposes that the acid-producing potential and acid-consuming minerals in the host rock are important for the long-term safety of a radioactive waste repository, given that sulfide oxidation may occur in artificial fractures created during construction. Fe3+ ions can then react with other sulfide minerals in reducing conditions and release H+ and SO42-, which can deteriorate cement-based grouting materials used for carven walls as well as the host rock. The results of the study show that the composition of Pb isotopes is a good indicator of the alteration of rock core samples compared to the chemical index of alteration and loss on ignition. The acid potential ratio and net acid production potential indicate that most of the core samples in both boreholes have a high alkali-generating potential. Factor analysis shows that the neutralizing capacity in AH1 is highly correlated with the alteration, while the neutralizing capacity in BH3 is correlated with secondary minerals. The alteration appears to be related to secondary minerals and the acid-producing capacity, while the changes in major elements are not related to the Pb isotopes in BH3 due to leaching along fractures.</P>

Enrichment and geochemical mobility of heavy metals in bottom sediment of the Hoedong reservoir, Korea and their source apportionment

Lee, Pyeong-Koo,Kang, Min-Ju,Yu, Soonyoung,Ko, Kyung-Seok,Ha, Kyoochul,Shin, Seong-Cheon,Park, Jung Han Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.184 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Physicochemical characteristics of bottom sediment in the Hoedong reservoir were studied to evaluate the effectiveness of the reservoir as traps for trace metals. Roadside soil, stream sediment and background soil were also studied for comparison. Sequential extractions were carried out, and lead isotopic compositions of each extraction were determined to apportion Pb sources. Besides, particle size distribution of roadside soil, and metal concentrations and Pb isotopes of each size group were determined to characterize metal contamination. In result, Zn and Cu were enriched in sediment through roadside soil. The data on metal partitioning implied that Zn posed potential hazards for water quality. Meanwhile, the noticeable reduction of the <SUP>206</SUP>Pb/<SUP>207</SUP>Pb isotopic ratio in the acid-soluble fraction in the size group 200 μm - 2 mm of national roadside soil indicated that this size group was highly contaminated by automotive emission with precipitation of acid-soluble secondary minerals during evaporation. Based on the Pb isotopic ratios, the dry deposition of Asian dust (AD) and non-Asian dust (NAD) affected roadside soil, while the effects of AD and NAD on bottom sediment appeared to be low given the low metal concentrations in sediment. Metal concentrations and Pb isotopic compositions indicated that sediments were a mixture of background and roadside soil. Source apportionment calculations showed that the average proportion of traffic Pb in bottom and stream sediments was respectively 34 and 31% in non-residual fractions, and 26 and 28% in residual fraction. The residual fraction of sediments appeared to be as contaminated as the non-residual fractions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The data on metal partitioning implied that Zn posed a potential hazard for water. </LI> <LI> The size group 200 μm - 2 mm of national roadside soil seemed highly contaminated. </LI> <LI> Automotive emissions seemed precipitated as secondary minerals during evaporation. </LI> <LI> Sediments were a mixture of background soil and automotive Pb sources. </LI> <LI> Residual fraction appeared to be as contaminated as non-residual fractions. </LI> </UL> </P>

Sulfide oxidation and heavy metal attenuation in a waste rock impoundment, the Cheongyang mine

이평구(Pyeong-Koo Lee),강민주(Min-Ju Kang),박성원(Sung-Won Park),최상훈(Sang-Hoon Choi) 대한지질학회 2003 지질학회지 Vol.39 No.4

Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in contaminated sediments from gully pots in Seoul City and the estimation of heavy metal mobility using sequential extracion method

이평구(Pyeong-koo Lee),김성환(Sung-hwan Kim),소칠섭(Chil-sup So) 대한지질학회 2001 지질학회지 Vol.37 No.4

Assessment of mobility and bio-availability of heavy metals in dry depositions of Asian dust and implications for environmental risk

Lee, Pyeong-Koo,Choi, Byoung-Young,Kang, Min-Ju Elsevier 2015 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.119 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We assess the potential mobility and bio-availability of selected metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, Pb, S, Zn, and Zr) in the dry depositions of Asian and non-Asian dust from the city of Daejeon, Korea. For this study, we applied Pb isotopes, total extraction and chemical sequential extraction methods to the dry depositions. In addition, microscopic analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and focused ion beam (FIB)-scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). FIB–SEM cross-section observations and Pb isotope data showed a black carbon is an important carrier of associated heavy metals originating from China. A five-step sequential extraction performed on the dry depositions showed that S and Cd are the most abundant elements in the water-soluble and cation-exchangeable fraction. In addition, Zn and Pb appeared predominantly in the carbonate and reducible fractions. On the other hand, Cu, Mo and, to a lesser degree, As were significantly associated with the organic fraction, while Co, Ni, Cr and Zr were bound to the residual fraction. These results showed that S, Cd, Zn and Pb, which were highly concentrated in potentially mobile fractions, have potential environmental risk because potential changes in redox state and pH may remobilize these metals. In addition, the estimated remobilization concentrations of these metals were significant. Thus, this study shows that frequent and careful monitoring of S, Cd, Z, Pb and, to a lesser degree, Cu, Mo and As is very important for assessing environmental risk in Korea.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Potential mobility and bio-availability of heavy metals in AD and NAD originated from China were assessed. </LI> <LI> FIB-SEM and sequential extraction provide geochemical fractionation information. </LI> <LI> Cadmium, Pb and Zn in AD and NAD are very sensitive to the environmental conditions. </LI> <LI> Results can be used to assess the potential human health risks. </LI> </UL> </P>

Source identification of arsenic contamination in agricultural soils surrounding a closed Cu smelter, South Korea

Lee, Pyeong-Koo,Yu, Soonyoung,Jeong, Youn-Joong,Seo, Jieun,Choi, Seon–,Gyu,Yoon, Byung-Yong Elsevier 2019 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.217 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Arsenic sources were identified in As-contaminated soils 4 km–7 km from a closed Cu smelter. Host rocks, heavy minerals in contaminated soils, ore minerals in quartz veins (geogenic sources) and bottom ash from the Cu smelter (an anthropogenic source) were investigated as potential sources. As a result, heavy minerals and bottom ash were found to contain higher As concentrations than the contaminated soils. Some of the host rock samples also showed higher As levels than the contaminated soils. Arsenopyrite was one of the frequently detected ore minerals in quartz veins. The As concentrations in soils did not decrease with soil depth or distance from the smelter. These results imply that the atmospheric emission from the smelter was not a major arsenic source. Based on the geochemical investigation and Pb isotopic analysis, the As contamination was affected by both regional ore mineralization and the host rock, and the influence of the smelter was limited. The spatial analysis of As concentrations and Pb isotopic ratios suggested that As contamination was mainly due to regional ore mineralization. The <SUP>206</SUP>Pb/<SUP>207</SUP>Pb and <SUP>206</SUP>Pb/<SUP>204</SUP>Pb ratios of the contaminated soils were plotted on the mixing line between background soils and ore minerals. The source apportionment results indicated a significant contribution of regional ore mineralization (average 52.9 ± 30.3%) to the As contamination. The contribution of this study is that we identified that the major source of soil contamination was of geologic origin despite an anthropogenic source nearby using geochemical and Pb isotopic investigation.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Arsenic sources with distinct Pb isotopic signatures were found. </LI> <LI> Geogenic sources were more influential to As levels than an anthropogenic source. </LI> <LI> Ore-bearing particles from unmined regional mineralization were a major As source. </LI> <LI> Geochemical and Pb isotope maps helped to identify hotspots and assess As sources. </LI> </UL> </P>