http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Quantitative and empirical demonstration of the Matthew effect in a study of career longevity.
Petersen, Alexander M,Jung, Woo-Sung,Yang, Jae-Suk,Stanley, H Eugene National Academy of Sciences 2011 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.108 No.1
<P>The Matthew effect refers to the adage written some two-thousand years ago in the Gospel of St. Matthew: 'For to all those who have, more will be given.' Even two millennia later, this idiom is used by sociologists to qualitatively describe the dynamics of individual progress and the interplay between status and reward. Quantitative studies of professional careers are traditionally limited by the difficulty in measuring progress and the lack of data on individual careers. However, in some professions, there are well-defined metrics that quantify career longevity, success, and prowess, which together contribute to the overall success rating for an individual employee. Here we demonstrate testable evidence of the age-old Matthew 'rich get richer' effect, wherein the longevity and past success of an individual lead to a cumulative advantage in further developing his or her career. We develop an exactly solvable stochastic career progress model that quantitatively incorporates the Matthew effect and validate our model predictions for several competitive professions. We test our model on the careers of 400,000 scientists using data from six high-impact journals and further confirm our findings by testing the model on the careers of more than 20,000 athletes in four sports leagues. Our model highlights the importance of early career development, showing that many careers are stunted by the relative disadvantage associated with inexperience.</P>
Shear Behavior of Single Cast-in Anchors in Plastic Hinge Zones
Derek Petersen,Zhibin Lin,Jian Zhao 한국콘크리트학회 2018 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.12 No.3
This paper presents two shear tests of 3/4-in. diameter cast-in anchors embedded in the plastic hinge zone of reinforced concrete columns. Design codes, such as ACI 318-14, require special reinforcement for concrete anchors in concrete that could be substantially damaged during an earthquake. The test anchors in this study were equipped with the anchor reinforcement recommended and verified in the literature. The column specimens were subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading before the test anchors were loaded in shear. Steel fracture was achieved in both test anchors despite cracks and concrete spalling occurred to the concrete within the plastic hinge zones. Meanwhile, the measured anchor capacities were smaller than the code-specified capacity, especially for the anchors subjected to cyclic shear. Concrete cover spalling was found critical to the observed capacity reduction, which caused combined bending and shear action in the anchor bolts. Measures should be developed to mitigate such adverse impact. In addition, further studies are needed for post-installed anchors before practical applications.
USING CROWDFUNDING FOR DESIGN DRIVEN, NEW ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES
Soren Ingomar Petersen 한국디자인학회 2015 한국디자인학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.10
The main strategic advantage of design driven new entrepreneurial ventures’ consists of providing breakthrough innovative offerings while mitigating exposure to the disproportionately large risk. One way of managing this risk is for their design team to prototype and test the offering, rapidly releasing a series of improved minimal viable products (MVP). Online crowdfunding platforms are an attractive venue for design driven new entrepreneurial ventures to quickly and inexpensively test market adaption due to their high degree of visual user-interface. This paper explores the crowdfunding campaign process, together with the pros and cons of running campaigns and identifies early lead predictors for achieving a high level of pledging on a crowdfunding platform. Our contribution to the design and business literature consists of recommendations on how to apply online crowdfunding to establish and validate design - market opportunities for design driven new entrepreneurial ventures.
Shadow Economy, Tax Evasion, and Transfer Fraud - Definition, Measurement, and Data Problems
Hans-Georg Petersen,Ulrich Thiessen,Pierre Wohlleben 한국국제경제학회 2010 International Economic Journal Vol.24 No.4
The paper tries to shed some light on the definition of the shadow economy, in order to separate shadow activities from market activities and household production. A total income concept is applied, which is based on the labor force being engaged in market, shadow and household activities. Based on such a clear concept, tax evasion can be defined and identified in the market sector and is also usually taking place in the shadow economy, where it is often accompanied by evasion of social security contributions as well as transfer fraud. Money usage in the three sectors is then critically analyzed, and measurement as well as data problems are seriously taken into consideration. The results of our research project suggest that the size of the shadow economy as estimated with the currency approach often yields the highest possible values. Other approaches and plausibility considerations produce much lower values, which seem to be much more realistic. Consequently, policy considerations to strengthen the control mechanisms should be met with utmost skepticism.