On Fan Zhongyan’s Spirit of Undertaking Responsibilities

( Zhang Peigao ),( Li Shikai ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2016 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.0 No.25

宋代人才輩出, 在這些士人中, 范仲淹無疑是最優秀的一位。在學術上, 他是宋學的開山人物;在政治上, 他是倡導改革的先鋒;在精神信仰上, 他是塑造“擔當”精神的先驅。單就後者而言, 這一精神是范仲淹思想的核心。這一精神的形成受到多方面因素的影響。如, 與他的成長經歷有關, 受到睢陽書院學風的影響, 源自對儒家精神的體會, 受到古代聖賢的影響, 受到宋初名臣田錫、王禹稱等人的影響, 與時代的變遷有關, 等等。他在這一精神的激勵下, 開始了爲國爲民的一生, 無論是主持政治改革、修海堤、導太湖入海, 還是立郡學、推薦胡瑗等明師於學官, 皆是此精神之具體實踐, 且這一精神對當時和後世的士人(當時士人如, 富弼、劉牧、胡瑗、張載、王安石等)産生了重大的影響。 The Song dynasty 宋(960-1279) had numerous talented scholars and Fan Zhongyan 范仲淹(989-1052) was one of the most gifted. Academically, Fan was a forerunner of Song studies. Politically, he was a pioneer in his advocacy of political innovation. Mentally, he was the first scholar who regained the importance of the spirit of undertaking responsibilities. The formation of this spirit was influenced by many factors, including his early experience, the spirit of Suiyang Academy (Suiyang shuyuan 睢陽書院), Confucian spirit, ancient sages, some famous ministers like Tian Xi 田錫(940-1004) and Wang Yucheng 王禹稱(954-1001) in the early Song Dynasty, and the changes of the time. Fan combined the spirit of undertaking responsibilities with personal praxis, presiding over political reform, repairing the seawall, leading Lake Tai 太湖into the sea, founding a county school, and recommending Hu Yuan 胡瑗(993-1059) and other famous scholars to become teachers of the Imperial College. His thought also greatly influenced many subsequent scholars in the Song dynasty and after, including Fu Bi 富弼(1004-1083), Liu Mu 劉牧(1011-1064), Hu Yuan 胡瑗(993-1059), Zhang Zai 張載(1020-1077) and Wang Anshi 王安石(1021-1086). [Article in Chinese]

Developmental Stages of Akebia trifoliata Fruit Based on Volume

Hao Yang,Wei Chen,Peng Fu,Shengfu Zhong,Ju Guan,Peigao Luo 한국원예학회 2021 원예과학기술지 Vol.39 No.6

Akebia trifoliata, commonly named augmelon (means August plus melon), has been domesticating as a new artificial cultivation fruit crop in China for several years. Generally, field management measurements are severely dependent on the development dynamic of harvest organs, and therefore the study of fruit development stage of A. trifoliata is urgent in production. In this study, four cloned lines with various spindle, nephroid, pyriform and Banana-like shapes, were selected to observe fruit developmental parameters, including volume, weight, length and width from pollination to maturity. Volume rather than length or width, which can minimize the influence of fruit shape on growth stage, was finally employed as a primary parameter for dividing developmental stages. Then a Logistic model of volume growth was established according to the data of pyriform fruit, and the other three fruits were employed to the suitability of this mathematical model. The resulted showed that the growth curve of augmelon appeared typical double sigmoid shape for all four shapes fruits. Based on four inflection points of volume growth curve, the fruit development of augmelon was classified five developmental stages in the order: fast stretch (FS) stage lasting for 48 days, shape stabilization (SS) stage lasting for 30 days, tardy expansion (TE) stage lasting for 51 days, suspended expansion (SE) stage lasting for 21 days and fast expansion (FE) stage lasting for 30 days. Comprehensively, volume was an ideal growth parameter for dividing fruit developmental stage of augmelon, and five-stage growth model could be applied as reference for both gardener and scientist to refer to the fruit growth status.

An efficient, recyclable and large-scalable fiber-supported Fe(III) catalytic system on a simple fixed-bed reactor verified in the Biginelli reactions

Xian-Lei Shi,Yongju Chen,Qianqian Hu,Feng Wang,Peigao Duan 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.60 No.-

An efficient, recyclable and large-scalable fiber-supported Fe(III) catalytic system verifed in the one-pot multicomponent Biginelli reactions, is presented. The fiber catalyst was prepared conveniently from commercially available polyacrylonitrile fiber according to a simple two-step procedure by amination and chelation in water, and characterized detailedly with ICP analysis, morphology, mechanical properties, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM during the modification and utilization processes. Moreover, the fiber catalyst-mediated reactions showed broad applicability and proceeded smoothly to afford a series of substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/-thiones (yields 81–94%) in ethanol under mild conditions. Furthermore, the newly developed fiber catalyst held high strength, good flexibility and exhibited excellent stability and recyclability (over 10 cycles), and the procedure was operationally concise and effectively amenable to the gram-scale on a simple fixed-bed reactor with potential industrialization prospect.

Fiber-polyquaterniums@Cu(I) as recyclable polymer-supported copper complex catalysts for alkyne coupling and cycloaddition reactions

Qianqian Hu,Xian-Lei Shi,Yongju Chen,Feng Wang,Yujing Weng,Peigao Duan 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.69 No.-

Herein, a newly designed and synthesized fiber-supported polyquaterniums@Cu(I) served as efficient and recyclable polymer-supported copper complex catalysts for alkyne coupling and cycloaddition reactions, is reported. The fiber-supported copper complex catalyst was prepared systematically from commercially available polyacrylonitrile fiber, and characterized detailedly by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, mechanical properties, and SEM during both of the preparation and utilization processes. Moreover, the fiber-supported polyquaterniums@Cu(I) has been verified to possess high catalytic activities for the homocoupling of terminal alkyne in ethyl acetate (10 samples yields 83–99%, 10 cycles from 98% to 95%), A3 coupling of alkyne, aldehyde and amine in toluene (10 samples yields 81–94%, 10 cycles from 94% to 90%), and click chemistry of CuAAC reactions in water (10 samples yields 82–99%, 21 cycles from 97% to 96%). Furthermore, the newly developed fiber catalyst in spinning basket reactor displayed excellent stability and recyclability, and the concise and effective gram-scalable operation has extensive application prospect on chemical productions.

Revisiting the Knoevenagel condensations: A universal and flexible bis-ammoniated fiber catalyst for the mild synthesis of α,β-unsaturated compounds

Qianqian Hu,Xian-Lei Shi,Yongju Chen,Xuefeng Han,Peigao Duan,Wenqin Zhang 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.54 No.-

A universal fiber catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensations is presented. The detailed characterization by mechanical properties, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM confirmed the rangeability of the fiber catalyst during the full-course. Moreover, the mediated condensations proceeded smoothly with lower catalyst amount (1 mol%) in different solvents of varying polarities and the products were obtained in good to excellent yields (95–99%), and even with water as the solvent could also achieve a series of a,b-unsaturated compounds with nearly quantitative yields at room temperature. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited excellent flexibility and could be easily recovered and recycled with prominent stability over 10 cycles, and the procedure was operationally convenient and effectively amenable to the gram scale on a simple fixed-bed reactor.

A potential industrialized fiber-supported copper catalyst for one-pot multicomponent CuAAC reactions in water

Xian-Lei Shi,Yongju Chen,Qianqian Hu,Wenqin Zhang,Chenxu Luo,Peigao Duan 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.53 No.-

A potential industrialized fiber catalyst for “click chemistry” via the one-pot multicomponent Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles in water, is reported. Detailed characterization by appearance, mechanical properties, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM confirmed the rangeability of the fiber catalyst during the preparation and utilization processes. Moreover, the fiber catalyst-mediated reactions proceeded smoothly to afford triazoles with nearly quantitative yields in short time (15 min). Furthermore, the fiber catalyst has shown tandem activities and superior recyclability (over 10 cycles), and the procedure is operationally simple and amenable to the gram-scale on a simple fixed-bed reactor.

Conversion of biomass components to methyl levulinate over an ultra-high performance fiber catalyst in impellers of the agitation system

Xian-Lei Shi,Qianqian Hu,Yongju Chen,Feng Wang,Peigao Duan 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.65 No.-

An ultra-high performance fiber, serving as a novel material for heterogeneous-acid catalyst for the conversion of biomass components to methyl levulinate, is presented. The catalyst was prepared conveniently from commercially available polyphenylene sulfide fiber by sulfonation, and characterized detailedly by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and mechanical strength at different stages. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited higher activity for biomass components transforming into methyl levulinate (52–96%), and prominent ability to be reused with good recyclability and stability. Furthermore, the effective large-scale process with fiber catalyst in impellers of the agitation system is very attractive for the industrial applications.