Effect of method of synthesis on antifungal ability of ZnO nanoparticles: Chemical route vs green route

Patino-Portela, Melissa C.,Arciniegas-Grijalba, Paola A.,Mosquera-Sanchez, Lyda P.,Sierra, Beatriz E. Guerra,Munoz-Florez, Jaime E.,Erazo-Castillo, Luis A.,Rodriguez-Paez, Jorge E. Techno-Press 2021 Advances in nano research Vol.10 No.2

To compare the antifungal effect of two nanomaterials (NMs), nanoparticles of zinc oxide were synthesized by a chemical route and zinc oxide-based nanobiohybrids were obtained using green synthesis in an extract of garlic (Allium sativum). The techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared (IR) and Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopies and Scanning (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopies (TEM) were used to determine the characteristics of the nanomaterials synthesized. The results showed that the samples obtained were of nanometric size (< 100 nm). To compare their antifungal capacity, their effect on Cercospora sp. was evaluated. Test results showed that both nanomaterials had an antifungal capacity. The nanobiohybrids (green route) gave an inhibition of fungal growth of ~72.4% while with the ZnO-NPs (chemical route), inhibition was ~87.1%. Microstructural studies using High Resolution Optical Microscopy (HROM) and ultra-structural analysis using TEM carried out on the treated strains demonstrated the effect of the nanofungicides on the vegetative and reproductive structures, as well as on their cell wall. To account for the antifungal effect presented by ZnO-NPs and ZnO nanobiohybrids on the fungi tested, effects reported in the literature related to the action of nanomaterials on biological entities were considered. Specifically, we discuss the electrical interaction of the ZnO-NPs with the cell membrane and the biomolecules (proteins) present in the fungi, taking into account the n-type nature of the ZnO semiconductor and the electrical behavior of the fungal cell membrane and that of the proteins that make up the protein crown.

The Use of Torture by the United States and the Failure of its War On Terror

Patino, Leticia G. 전북대학교 법학연구소 2013 法學硏究 Vol.38 No.-

2001년 9월 11일(이하 9/11) 이후 당시 미국의 조지 W. 부시 대통령은 테러와의 전쟁을 선포하고, 다른 민주주의 국가들에게도 이에 참가할 것을 요구하였다. 소외 테러와의 전쟁은 미국, 유럽 그리고 국제사회 전체를 위한 도전을 가져왔다. 테러 행위를 방지하고 이에 대한 처벌을 위해서 강력하면서도 동시적인 행동이 명백히 요구되었다. 그러나 지금 국제사회는 이러한 행동이 인권에 관하여 정립된 핵심적 원칙을 위반할 뿐만 아니라 테러로부터 자유로운 안전한 세상을 창조하는데 실패했다는 것을 인식하고 있다. 유엔 구성원 국가들이 침묵하고 있거나 범죄와의 전쟁에 협력하는 동안 국제사회는 재판을 거치지 않고 이루어지는 무기한의 감금과 그 이외의 다른 인권침해에 관한 정보를 취득하게 되었다. 2011년 9월 11일 이후의 커다란 잘못은 대응에 관한 결의가 아니라 이 문제에 관한 접근방법과 해결방법에 관한 선택이었다. 테러에 대해서 테러의 수단으로 싸워서는 안 된다. 미국과 그 동맹국들은 보다 더 안전해졌다고 느끼기 보다는 고문을 당한 구성원들을 가진 자들에 의해서 지속적으로 위협을 받고 있다. 반면 고문을 하지 않은 국가들은 이웃 국가들과 평화롭게 공존하고 있다. 그들에게는 어느 누구도 고문을 하는 것은 용인될 수 없다. 예를 들어 산업화된 국가인 대한민국은 중국, 북한, 러시아 등 계속적으로 고문을 행한 것으로 비난을 받은 국가들에 둘러싸여 있다. 그러나 대한민국은 유엔의 고문에 대한 무관용의 원칙을 엄격히 고수하고 있으며, 그 결과 대부분의 대한민국 국민들은 산업화된 민주국가들이 고문을 하지 않겠다는 약속을 어길 것으로 생각하지 않는다. 그 결과 대한민국은 미국이나 영국과 같은 다른 산업화된 국가들이 경험한 공격을 당하지 않았다. 여기서는 이러한 논쟁이 포함하고 있는 법적인 문제 및 양측에서 제기되는 논의를 다룬다. 고문금지에 관한 인권법의 기초 및 고문이 언제나 그 목적을 달성한 것이 아니라는 것에 관하여 널리 알려진 최근의 학술적이고 해독성의 증거에 관해서 간략히 소개를 한 후 이제 미국은, 고문을 할 만큼 했으며, 고문을 그만두어야 한다는 점에 관한 논의를 한다. 지금이 바로 미국이 야심찬 일을 성취해야 할 적절한 시기이다. 미국은 2013년에는 테러와의 전쟁을 그만두는 것을 심각하게 고려하여야 한다. After September 11, 2001, hereto referred to as 9/11, the then current President of the United States of America, George W. Bush, declared a “War on Terror” and demanded that other democratic countries participate as well. This so-called war created a challenge for the U.S., Europe and the International community as a whole. Tough and synchronized action was clearly needed to prevent and punish terrorist acts. However, the international community now realizes that these actions not only violated the core principles of established human rights but also failed to produce a safe, terror free world. While members of the U.N. stayed silent or even cooperated with this alleged war, the international community began to receive information regarding indefinite detention without trial and other human rights violations. The disastrous mistake after September 11, 2001 was not the resolve to respond, but the choice of how to approach and resolve this issue. Terrorism should have never been fought with terrorist means. Instead of feeling safer, America and its allies are constantly being threatened by those whose members were tortured. Meanwhile, countries that have refused use torture in any way whatsoever have enjoyed a peaceful coexistence with their neighbors. To them, it is inconceivable that anyone could condone torture of any kind. For example, South Korea, an industrialized country, is surrounded by China, North Korea and Russia, all of whom have been accused of using torturous acts. Yet, South Korea adheres to the U.N.’s strict edict of Zero Tolerance for torture. As a result, South Koreans cannot envision an industrialized, democratic country that would violate their promise to avoid the use of any torture whatsoever. As a result, South Korea has not experienced the assaults that the U.S., U.K. and other industrialized countries have experienced. Here is a general legal context in which this debate has evolved, as well as the arguments raised on both sides. After a short introduction of the human rights law framework regarding the prohibition of torture and the presentation of well-known and recent academic and antidotal evidence that torture does not always accomplish its goal, there is an argument that enough is enough and that the United States of America should stop torture. This is the right time to accomplish such an ambitious undertaking. Thus, set forth are the reasons why 2013 is the year that the United States will seriously consider ending the War on Terror.

Design Convergent Dynamic Window Approach for Quadrotor Navigation

Felipe Patino Vista IV,정길도,Ansu Man Singh,이덕진 한국정밀공학회 2014 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.15 No.10

This paper propose a novel objective function for the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA). We prove the convergence property of theobjective function using Lyapunov stability criteria. Unlike previous studies which concentrate on implementing the DWA in nonholonomicvehicles, in this paper we have considered a quadrotor whose motion is limited to a fixed X-Y plane just like a holonomicvehicle. Simulation result shows our method guides the vehicle in avoiding obstacles and converge to the goal even in situations whereconventional method failed.

Design of an EKF-CI based Sensor Fusion for Robust Heading Estimation of Marine Vehicle

VISTA FELIPE PATINO,이덕진,정길도 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.16 No.2

An efficient approach for deriving accurate pose and heading values through multi-sensor fusion of data from several inexpensivesensors (such as multiple GPS (Global Positioning Systems), EC (electronic compass), rate gyro) is presented. The proposed multisensorfusion approach is composed of several sub-methods namely initial heading calculation, classification and weighing (CnW),extended Kalman filter (EKF) and then covariance intersection (CI) algorithms. The consecutive implementation of the sub-methodsgives an accurate heading value with lesser RMSE (root mean square error) compared to the original GPS COG (course over ground)and EC. Several experimental tests were done to confirm the good performance of the proposed process.

인권과 총기 및 총기소유자의 통제

레티샤파티노 ( Leticia Patino ) 영남대학교 법학연구소 2011 영남법학 Vol.0 No.33

미국과 필리핀에서 살인과 폭력은 심각한 문제이다. 그리고 총기는 그것에 중 요한 역할을 한다. 버지니아 공과대학이나 고둥학교에서 일어난 살인사건들은 우리의 허를 찔렀다. 이런 충격적 사건이나 일상적으로 일어나는 유혈사태, 사 건 둥에 있어서 총기가 가지는 역할을 무시하기는 어렵다. 따라서 이 글을 통해 다음을 묻는다. 국가들은 더 심각한 폭력을 방지하기 위해서 무엇을 해야 하는가? 왜 어떤 국가들은 시민들의 인권을 침해하지 않으면서도 범죄비율을 조절 할 수 있는데 반해, 일부 국가들의 범죄율은 통제할 수 없는 지경인가? 대조적으로, 이 모범이 되는 국가들에서는 개인의 총기소유권을 시민들의 협조 아래 억제하여 왔다. 이제는 우리의 인권에 관한 우선순위를 재고하고 총기폭력 희생 자의 인권유린에 관심을 집중해야 할 때다. 더욱이 총기감시나 규제를 거부하는 나라들로부터 총기밀매를 막음으로써 안전한 환경에서 살 시민들의 권리를 보존해야 한다.

인터넷의 충격, 인쇄매체의 모델

브뤼노파티노 ( Bruno Patino ) 정보통신정책연구원 2009 정책자료 Vol.2009 No.1

Drug Sentencing and Racial Inequality

Leticia G. Patino 전북대학교 동북아법연구소 2016 동북아법연구 Vol.9 No.3

The American Criminal Justice system has finally recognized, with strong help from the U.S. President, Barack Obama, the errors of its Criminal Justice System. This comes after decades of unfair prejudice and discrimination against a significant portion of the U.S. population. President Obama has always declared that changes were desperately needed. Recently, President Obama was able to make the necessary changes and did so quickly. As a result, a Drug Policy model was immediately launched throughout the United States of America and encouraged throughout the world, especially through our allies. The National Drug Control Strategy was created, allowing an expansion of treatments and assistance needed by some of the convicts. These treatments are now made available for those needing treatment. Current policies throughout the 50 states of America have begun to modify their criminal systems. President Obama’s plan to reform the National Criminal Justice System may have seemed, to some, to be folly. However, Obama’s leadership has led to several significant changes and reunification of some families. Further, The Justice System has vowed to discontinue profiling, another significant step to fairness within the system. This will be a large stride toward fair sentencing and a safer environment within the American Justice System.

TRABAJO DE CUIDADO Y PRACTICAS DE ALIMENTACION FAMILIAR : CONCEPTUALIZACIONES Y HERRAMIENTAS METODOLOGICAS

Sandra Milena Franco Patino Institute of Iberoamerican Studies Pusan Universit 2011 International Journal of Latin American Studies Vol.1 No.1

This article provides some background, conceptualizations and methodological tools on the work of care, analytical category used by the economy of care in the last thirty years. The text focuses the discussion on the work of care proposed by the feminist economics, and the epistemological turn / theorist who have suffered studies on women's work and its contribution to social development. It further stresses the methodological tools used by scholars and technicians to incorporate part of these developments in the design of public policies conducive to more equitable gender relations in the public and private spheres. With these referents, problematizes the category of care, work to consider other activities such as feeding practices family, which are characterized by the overlap of the productive and reproductive work and have subjective and affective signification which define relations family and link social, little explored in macro social studies have addressed care or relationships in the analysis of domestic work from which traditionally had been addressed processes of food in the families.

The Impact of Brand Image and Perceived Value on Consumers’ Purchasing Behavior of Clothing Lines

Marra Angelique H. Agdigos(Marra Angelique H. Agdigos ),Maria Christine R. Etpison(Maria Christine R. Etpison ),Armila Augustine C. Patino(Armila Augustine C. Patino ),Antonio E. Etrata,Jr.(Antonio E. KINFORMS 2022 Management Review Vol.17 No.2

Growing businesses everywhere in the world have a far and wide objective of building up their brand image. This research will help in highlighting the defining factors of a brand in which marketers will know how to present their products to consumers which would influence their purchasing behavior. The quantitative research design was utilized together with survey questionnaires in the collection of required data of the respondents regarding the independent variables: brand image and consumer perceived value. The total sample size of 209 respondents was selected through a purposive sampling method, consisting of consumers that reside in Metro Manila with different backgrounds in terms of purchasing clothing lines of brands. The study has identified that brand image has a moderately significant effect on consumers’ purchasing behavior. The research has also shown that a consumer's perceived value has a significant but not strong effect on the consumer's purchasing behavior. In general, brand image and consumers’ perceived value only impact the purchasing behavior of consumers slightly. The consumers are not conscious in terms of the brand image of the clothes they buy as they also prefer cheap but good-quality clothing. This finding has important implications for companies in terms of deciding whether they need to majorly invest their resources in their brand image or not. Also, it aids them in planning in terms of fulfilling the customer's perceived value since it does not have a strong effect on their buying behavior.

Efficiency Analysis of a Ladder Multilevel Converter with the Use of the Equivalent Continuous Model

Lopez, Andres,Patino, Diego,Diez, Rafael The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2014 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.14 No.6

This study analyzes a ladder multilevel converter (double ladder topology) with the use of a new averaging modeling technique. This technique introduces an analytical method to compute for the switching losses and is used to conduct an in-depth analysis of the influence of the switching frequency and parasitic resistance of components on converter efficiency. The obtained results enable the selection of switches and switching frequency to minimize losses. Moreover, simulation results and experimental measurements validate the analytical calculations.