樣態의 意味 : 樣態表現의 心理的 過程 Mental Representation of its Meaning

李元國 釜山大學校 1989 人文論叢 Vol.34 No.1

Summary Core Meaning of Modality (I) -Mental Representation of its Meaning- "To seek to understand is to set out on a fascinating voyage of discovery in the human mind." wrote Robin P. Fawcett in the foreword for Perkins's book. Modal Expressions in English(l983). But it has exercized the minds of many linguists, especially many writers on English grammar and semantics. Particularly, its most elusive aspect is the connection between deontic, epistemic, and dynamic senses of modal expressions. "Every difference in a word's use is a consequence of and evidence for difference in its meaning." argues Wittgenstein (Wertheimer, 1972 : 49). With his idea, many linguists who try to analyse word-meaning have an attitude towards the poly-semantic approach which regards the meaning of a word as being largely, if not entirely, dependent upon a specific context of use. By contrast, Bolinger (1977) states in the preface of his book, Meaning and Form, that his purpose is to 'reaffirm the old principle that the natural condition of language is to preserve one form for one meaning, and one meaning for one form. This is called 'monosemantic', in which a meaning is assigned to a word in isolation from a specific context of use. In this research, I adopt a core-meaning approach to English modals with Bolinger's idea, for I believe that it could help to understand better the meaning of them and various other meanings should be taken over to pragmatics. Palmer (1979) expressed his scepticism about this approach, saying, "When precision is demanded or invariance postulated... the notion of a basic meaning becomes unrealistic." I agree with him in that Joos's analysis (1964) does not accord with the intuitions of many native speakers and Bouma's (1975) vagueness is such that any variations can be explained away. But he seems to have misunderstood the conception of modality and the mental process of modal expressions. I define linguistic modality as expression of one's idea about some event or proposition that might have been, might be, and will be true in possible worlds accessible from a given actual world and divide modality into three conceptual domains, that is, 'epistemic', 'deontic', 'dynamic' by modifying eight domains of Rescher's (1968 : 2tff). In these three different types of possible world, the truth/actuality of propostions/events may be assessed by rational laws (or the laws of reason), social laws (or laws of society) and natural laws, in relation to actual circumstances, and the precise nature of modals may be defined. In Johnson-Lairds' model of the mental representaion of modal expressions, I try to ascertain the psychological reality of my proposal. Human beings show little aptitude in considering the complete set of alternatives to a given situation, even where the set is small, and for many states of affairs the set of possible alternative is vast, in which my idea is a little different from Leibnizian idea about 'posssible worlds'. The evaluation of a modal expression involves determining the situation that it concerns the reference situation and then attempting mentally to construct a sequel to it that leads to the event expressed in the complement with one of the above mentioned three kinds of laws. When the sequel is constructed with a social law, a deontic meaning will be determined, and with a rational law, an epistemic one, and with a natural law, a dynamic one. In conclusion, it seems that English modals are not ambiguous, and that modal expressions lake on different interpretation as a function of the circumstances and laws relevant in evaluating them. The notion of possibility is deictic rather than ambiguous and its interpretation hinges on knowledge, general or particular. Frege (1973) seemed to understand this when he argued that modality is a pragmatic matter and hence should be excluded from logic proper. "To seek to understand is to set out on a fascinating voyage of discovery in the human mind." wrote Robin p. Fawcett in the foreword for Perkins's book, Modal Expressions in English(1983). But it has exorcized the minds of many linguists, especially many writers on English grammar and semantics. Particularly, its most elusive aspect is the connection between deontic, epistemic, and dynamic senses of modal expressions. "Every difference in a word's use is a consequence of and evidence for difference in its meaning." argues Wittgenstein (Wertheimer, 1972 : 49). With his idea, many linguists who try to analyse word-meaning have an attitude towards the poly-semantic approach which regards the meaning of a word as being largely, if not entirely, dependent upon a specific context of use. By contrast, Bolinger (1977) states in the preface of his book, Meaning and Form, that his purpose is to 'reaffirm the old principle that the natural condition of language is to preserve one form for one meaning, and one meaning for one form. This is called 'monosemantic', in which a meaning is assigned to a word in isolation from a specific context of use. In this research, f adopt a core-meaning approach to English modals with Bolinger's idea, for I believe that it could help to understand better the meaning of them and various other meanings should be taken over to pragmatics. Palmer (1979) expressed is scepticism about this approach, saying, "When precision is demanded or invariance postulated… the notion of a basic meaning becomes unrealistic." I agree with him in that Joos's analysis (1964) does not accord with the intuitions of many native speakers and Bouma's (1975) vagueness is such that any variations can be explained away. But he seems to have misunderstood the conception of modality and the mental process of modal expressions. I define linguistic modality as expression of one's idea about some event or proposition that might have been, might be, and will be true in possible worlds accessible from a given actual world and divide modality into three conceptual domains, that is, 'epistemic', 'deontic', 'dynamic' by modifying eight domains of Rescher's (1968 : 2ff). In these three different types of possible world, the truth/actuality of propostions/events may be assessed by rational laws (or the laws of reason), social laws (or laws of society) and natural laws, in relation to actual circumstances, and the precise nature of modals may be defined. In Johnson-Lairds' model of the mental representaion of modal expressions, I try to ascertain the psychological reality of my proposal. Human beings show little aptitude in considering the complete set of alternatives to a given situation, even where the set is small, and for many states of affairs the set of possible alternative is vast, in which my idea is a little different from Leibnizian idea about 'posssible worlds'. The evaluation of a modal expression involves determining the situation that it concerns - the reference situation - and then attempting mentally to construct a sequel to it that leads to the event expressed in the complement with one of the above mentioned three kinds of laws. When the sequel is constructed with a social 14aw, a deontic meaning will be determined, and with a rational law, an epistemic one, and with a natural law, a dynamic one. In conclusion, it seems that English modals are not ambiguous, and that modal expressions lake oil different interpretation as a function of the circumstances and laws relevant in evaluating them. The notion of possibility is deictic rather than ambiguous and its interpretation hinges on knowledge, general or particular, Frege (1973) seemed to understand this when he argued that modality is a pragmatic matter and hence should be excluded from logic proper.

U-헬스케어를 위한 학습용 기능성콘텐츠 설계방향

하동원(Dong-One Ha),이창조(Chang-Jo Lee) 한국산업정보학회 2010 한국산업정보학회논문지 Vol.15 No.3

U-헬스케어는 인간에게 많은 편의를 제공하고 건강을 지켜준다. 하지만 시설중심의 의료 환경이 환자 중심의 의료 환경으로 변함에 따라 다양한 문제점들이 발생되고 있다. 이 문제점들은 제도적인 문제부터 기술적인 문제, 생산자의 문제, 사용자의 문제에 이르기까지 다양한 원인에 의해 발생된다. 연구자는 이 문제들 가운데 사용자로부터 기인한 문제, 그 중에서도 특히 노인환자 또는 노인이 환자의 보호자인 경우에 관심을 가졌다. 주요 연구내용은 U-헬스케어 관련 기기들의 HMI 숙달훈련과 응급상황대처능력 훈련을 위한 학습용 기능성콘텐츠의 설계방향이다. 이는 노인의 인지심리학과 노인운동반응에 관한 연구로부터 출발하여 다양한 디지털 콘텐츠 형식들의 특성을 연관 짓는 과정을 거쳤다. 연구 결과는 가파른 성장세를 보일 노령인구와 그에 따른 U-헬스케어 산업분야에서 쓰임새를 가질 것으로 기대한다. U-healthcare provides people with many conveniences and keeps their health. As facility?centered medical environment is being changed to patient?centered one, however, various problems are emerging. These problems range from institutional problems to technological, producer?related, and user?related ones. The researcher took interested in problems originating from users, in particular, elderly patients and guardians taking care of an elderly patient. The main focus of this study is the direction of serious contents design for training skills in HMI of U-healthcare equipment and developing emergency coping abilities. In this study, I started from research on elderly cognitive psychology and elders’ motor reactions and interconnected the characteristics of various digital content forms. The results of this study are expected to be useful for the rapidly expanding elderly population and in the U-healthcare industry.

POSITIVELY EXPANSIVE ENDOMORPHISMS ON SUBSHIFTS OF FINITE TYPE

Kim, Young-One,Lee, Jung-Seob Korean Mathematical Society 1997 대한수학회논문집 Vol.12 No.2

It is shown that if S is a positively expansive endomorphism on a one-sided mixing SFT (X,T), then (X,S) is conjugate to a one-sided mixing SFT, and the Parry measures of (X,T) and (X,S) are identical.

Biomechanical Effectiveness of the Low-Dye Taping on Peak Plantar Pressure During Treadmill Walking Exercise in Subjects With Flexible Flatfoot

( One Bin Lim ),( Jeong Ah Kim ),( Oh Yun Kwon ),( Chung Hwi Yi ) 한국전문물리치료학회 2015 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.22 No.2

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the effects of low-dye taping on peak plantar pressure following treadmill walking exercise, 2) to determine whether the biomechanical effectiveness of low-dye taping in peak plantar pressure was still maintained following removal of the tape during treadmill walking, and 3) to determine the trend towards a medial-to-lateral shift in peak plantar pressure in the midfoot region before and after application of low-dye taping. Twenty subjects with flexible flatfoot were recruited using a navicular drop test. The peak plantar pressure data were recorded during five treadmill walking sessions: (1) un-taped, (2) baseline-taped, (3) after a 10-minute treadmill walking exercise, (4) after a 20-minute treadmill walking exercise, and (5) after removal of the taping. The foot was divided into six parts during the data analysis. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to investigate peak plantar pressure variations in the six foot parts in the five sessions. This study resulted in significantly increased medial forefoot peak plantar pressure compared to the un-taped condition (p=.017, post 10-minute treadmill walking exercise) and (p=.021, post 20-minute treadmill walking exercise). The peak plantar pressure in the lateral forefoot showed that there was a significant decrease after sessions of baseline-taped (p=.006) and 10-minute of treadmill walking exercise (p=.46) compared to the un-taped condition. The tape removal values were similar to the un-taped values in the five sessions. Thus, the findings of the current study may be helpful when researchers and clinicians estimate single taping effects or consider how frequently taping should be replaced for therapeutic purposes. Further studies are required to investigate the evidence in support of biomechanical effectiveness of low-dye taping in the midfoot region.

Effects of Different Knee Flexion Angles According to Three Positions on Abdominal and Pelvic Muscle Activity During Supine Bridging

One-bin Lim,Ki-song Kim 한국전문물리치료학회 2013 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.20 No.4

This study analyzes how different knee flexion angles affect the abdominal and pelvic muscle activity during supine bridging. Twenty healthy subjects participated in the study. We used surface electromyography (EMG) to measure how three different knee flexion angles (100°, 70°, and 40°) affected the activity of the transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), external oblique (EO), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and gluteus maximus (GM) muscles on the dominant side during supine bridging. The one-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical significance of TrA/IO, EO, BF, RF and GM muscle activity and the GM/BF activity ratio. For the TrA/IO, EO, BF, and GM muscles, supine bridging with different knee flexion angles resulted in significant differences in abdominal and pelvic muscle activity. For the TrA/IO muscles, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased at 40° compared to 70°; however, there were no significant differences between 100° and 70° or 100° and 40°. For the EO muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased at 40° compared to 100° and 70°; no significant difference was observed between angles 100° and 70°. For the BF muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle (40°>70°>100°). For the GM muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle (100°>70°>40°). However, for the RF muscle, there was no significant difference. Additionally, the GM/BF activity ratio significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle (100°>70°>40°). From these results, we can conclude that bridging with a knee flexion of 100° can strengthen the GM muscle, whereas bridging with a knee flexion of 40° is recommended to strengthen the IO, EO, and BF muscles. We can also conclude that knee flexion angles should be modified during supine bridging to increase the muscle activity of different target muscles.

Comparison of the Effects of Barefoot, Kinesio Tape, and Dynamic Tape on Static and Dynamic Balance in Subjects With Asymptomatic Flexible

One-bin Lim,So-yeon Park 한국전문물리치료학회 2020 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.27 No.1

Background: Flat-footed persons with collapsed medial longitudinal arch lose flexibility after skeletal maturity, resulting in several deformities and soft tissue injuries. Although arch support taping is usually applied in the clinic to support the collapsed arch, research on the use of different types of tape for more efficient arch support in flat-footed persons is lacking. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine three conditions (barefoot, kinesio tape, and dynamic tape) and compare their effects on static and dynamic balance in persons with asymptomatic flexible flatfoot. Methods: Twenty-two subjects (9 females and 13 males) with asymptomatic flexible flatfoot participated in this study. The subjects performed the Y-balance test to measure the composite reach score. The subjects also performed a 30-second standing test to measure the center of pressure (COP) path length and a walking test to measure anteroposterior and lateral variability using the Zebris FDM system. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance compared the three conditions applied to the subjects’ feet for each balance variable. Results: The composite reach score significantly increased following the application of dynamic tape compared with barefoot and that of kinesio tape compared with barefoot. There was no significant difference in the COP path length during standing among the three conditions. Anteroposterior and lateral variability during walking significantly with dynamic tape application compared with barefoot. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that, in persons with asymptomatic flexible flatfoot, application of kinesio tape and dynamic tape may be effective in increasing the composite reach score in Y-balance test, whereas application of dynamic tape may be effective in reducing anteroposterior and lateral variability during walking.

중소기업과 대학 간 문제해결형 산학협력협의회 모델 사례 연구

김창완 ( Chang One Kim ),손성문 ( Seong Mun Son ) 한국중소기업학회 2014 中小企業硏究 Vol.36 No.2

지역 중소기업이 가진 혁신의 한계를 극복하기 위한 파트너로써 대학의 역할이 확대되고 있으며 대학은 다양한 방법으로 중소기업과의 협력을 추진하고 있다. 산학협력의 출발점으로 유사분야에서 사업을 진행하고 있는 중소기업 CEO가 전문성을 가진 대학 교수를 중심으로 모임을 통해 정보교류 및 친목 등을 진행하는 산학협력협의회가 기반을 제공하고 있다. 그러나 산학협력협의회에 대한 선행연구들은 구성방식과 성과에 대부분 할애하고 있어 실제 효용성에 대해서는 접근하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 지역 기반의 중소기업과 대학이 연계를 강화할 수 있는 산학협력협의회기반의 산학협력 모델을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 산학협력협의회를 지역산업분야별로 대표자를 구성하여 교수가 기술전문가로 참여하여 운영하는 기술자문형 모델과 교수가 퍼실리테이터 역할을 하는 문제해결형 모델로 구분하고 운영상의 차이점과 성과에 대한 리뷰를 시도하였으며 문제해결형 모델이 다양한 영역에서 중소기업과의 산학협력성과를 촉진할 가능성을 제시하였다. The role of regional universities has been increased as the partners for SMEs to overcome the limit of innovation. SMEs have been trying to collaborate with universities by participating in the IUC council in which SMEs with similar business area share their information coordinated by professors. As prior studies have focused on the importance and the output of IUC councils, they have little information about the effectiveness of the process. This study proposes the IUC council model with which collaborations between universities and SMEs could be tightened. We identified two types of IUC councils according to their purposes-technology-counselling and problem-solving with a facilitator and tried to find the differences on the process and the output. This study suggests that problem-solving IUC council may provide more effective ways for universities to collaborate with SMEs than technologycounselling ones. Therefore, this result highlights the possibility of improving the process and the output of IUC councils by adopting a facilitator with a problem-solving process.

경량 항공사진촬영 시스템을 이용한 남극 세종과학기지의 수치지형도 제작과 활용에 관한연구

윤부열(Yun Bu Yeol),이재원(Lee Jae One),손호웅(Shon Howoong) 대한토목학회 2009 대한토목학회논문집 D Vol.29 No.1D

세종과학기지(KingSejong Station)가 위치한 킹조지섬(King George Island)은 지역 특성상 남극대륙으로 향하는 관문이면서 전초기지와 같은 역할을 하는 지역으로 한국의 남극 활동 영역 확장에 지대한 영향을 끼치고 있다. 그러나 현재 세종과 학기지 주변의 지리정보는 정밀측량이 이루어 지지 못하여 우리나라 활동영역에 대한 정확한 지리적 위치정보를 확보하지 못한 상태이며, 또한 지리정보구축의 가장 기본적이면서 세종과학기지의 국제 활동에 대한 묵시적 표현수단이라 할 수 있는 지도를 외국에 의존하여 사용하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 경량 항공사진측량을 적용하여 지리정보구축에 필요한 수치지형도를 제작하고 기존의 수치지형도와 비교하여 빙하 후퇴와 변화 분석을 실시함으로써 향후 남극 환경과 관련한 연구에 실용적인 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. The King George Island, where the King Sejong Station is located, represents one of the gateways to the Antarctica from the point of its geographical aspect. It also serves as an advanced post, and plays an important role in the extending for Korea's Antarctic research activities. The existence of maps is not only a basic element for the constructing geographic informations supporting these activities, but also an implied way of announcing the sovereignty over the KingSejong Station in global world. However, the precise surveying for the geographic information has not been earned out, and thus topographical maps as well as geographic information assuring enough accuracy are still missed in this area. This fact had forced Korea to rely on using maps produced by foreign countries. Therefore, this study aims to generate digital topographical maps of 1: 5,000 scale for the constructing geographic information using lightweight aerial photogrammetry system first. And further, it will contribute to offer practical base data for the future research related to the Antarctic environment through the analysis of glacier retreat and change using this new digital map comparing with existing one.

Direct Georeferencing을 이용한 도화 정확도 분석

송연경,이재원,Song Youn-Kyung,Lee Jae-One 한국공간정보학회 2005 한국공간정보학회지 Vol.13 No.1

In order to carry out aerial photogrammetry using GPS/INS, it is necessary to apply exterior orientation parameters, obtained while making a photo, to the editing process. It should be noted that the verification process of aerial mapping result is the most crucial process at the GPS/INS based digital photogrammetry. To this end, this study has compared the mapping result by the ways of AT results, plotter, and orientation, which is from basis of the Analytical raw map produced by the existing AT results. When comparing the horizontal and vertical accuracy of the analytical mapping with that of digital restitution, it could be found that the latter is more accurate than that of the former. In addition, it was reveled that the horizontal error was bigger than that of vertical one. Even though the accuracy of the GPS/INS based AT Direct orientation was three times poorer than the of indirect one, it was recognized that the photogrammetry process was effectively performed in the application of scale 1:5000 mapping with satisfying the allowance errors. GPS/INS에 의한 항공사진측량을 이용하려면 사진촬영과 동시에 획득한 외부표정요소의 결과를 도화$\cdot$편집 작업에 실제로 적용해 보아야 한다. 도화성과의 검증작업은 GPS/INS의 결과를 이용하여 수치지도의 제작시 가장 중요한 공정에 해당한다 이를 위하여 기존 AT성과에 의하여 제작된 해석도화원도를 기준으로 본 연구에서 제시한 AT성과별, 도화기별, 표정방식별로 수행한 도화결과를 비교하였다 AT성과와 표정방법에 상관없이 해석도화와 수치도화의 평면과 표고의 오차를 비교하여 보면, 해석도화가 수치도화보다 우수한 결과를 보여주며, 또한 평면오차가 표고오차보다 더 크게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. GPS/INS AT의 Direct 표정의 경우 InDirect 표정방법에 비해 3배 이상의 오차가 발생하였으나 모든 경우의 결과가 허용오차를 충족하고 있으므로 축척 1:5000에서는 GPS/INS AT를 이용한 표정과 도화작업은 매우 효율적으로 수행될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Selective Muscle Activation With Visual Electromyographic Biofeedback During Scapular Posterior Tilt Exercise in Subjects With Round-Shoulder Posture

Jae ik Son,One bin Lim,Hae rim Han,Heon seock Cynn,Chung hwi Yi 한국전문물리치료학회 2015 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual electromyography (EMG) biofeedback on the EMG activity of the lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and upper trapezius (UT) muscles, the LT/UT and SA/UT EMG activity ratios, and the scapular upward rotation angle during scapular posterior tilting exercise (SPTE). Twenty-four subjects with round-shoulder posture participated in this study. The EMG activities of the LT, SA, and UT were collected during SPTE both without and with visual EMG biofeedback. The scapular upward rotation angle was measured at the baseline, after SPTE without visual EMG biofeedback, and after SPTE with visual EMG biofeedback. The LT, SA, and UT EMG activities, and the LT/UT and SA/UT EMG activity ratios were analyzed by paired t-test. The scapular upward rotation angle was statistically analyzed using one-way repeated analysis of variance. If a significant difference was found, a Bonferroni correction was performed (p=.05/3=.017). The EMG activities of LT and SA significantly increased, and the EMG activity of UT significantly decreased during SPTE with visual EMG biofeedback compared to SPTE without visual EMG biofeedback (p<.05). In addition, the LT/UT and SA/UT EMG activity ratios significantly increased during SPTE with visual EMG biofeedback compared to SPTE without visual EMG biofeedback (p<.05). Significant increases were found in the scapular upward rotation angle after SPTE without and with visual EMG biofeedback compared to baseline (p<.017), and no significant differences were observed in the scapular upward rotation angle between SPTE without and with visual EMG biofeedback. In conclusion, SPTE using visual EMG biofeedback may be an effective method for increasing LT and SA activities while reducing UT activity.