Formulation of floating metronidazole microspheres using cassava starch (Manihot esculenta) as polymer

Oluwatoyin A. Odeku,Aderemi A. Aderogba,Tolulope O. Ajala,Olufunke D. Akin‑Ajani,Adenike Okunlola 한국약제학회 2017 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.47 No.5

Floating gastroretentive microspheres have been used to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration and improve the local effect of metronidazole in the stomach in the treatment of peptic ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori. In the present study, cassava starch, obtained from the tubers of Manihot esculenta has been pregelatinized and used as polymer in combination with sodium alginate for the formulation of floating gastroretentive metronidazole microspheres. Metronidazole microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation method using pregelatinized cassava starch and sodium alginate at different concentrations as polymers and calcium chloride (2% w/v) as chelating agent. Sodium bicarbonate (2% w/w) was used as gas releasing agent. Microspheres were characterized using the particle size, swelling index, floating lag time (FLT), total floating time and drug release properties. Spherical discrete microspheres with size ranging from 1.52 to 2.23 mm were obtained with FLT of less than 5 min and drug entrapment efficiency of 42–60% w/w. The microsphere maintained buoyancy for over 19 h and the microspheres provided controlled release of metronidazole for up to 18 h. Drug release from the microspheres, swelling index and buoyancy depended on the concentration of cassava starch in the polymer blend. Formulations containing high concentration of cassava starch showing shorter floating lag time and faster drug release. Thus, buoyancy and rate of drug release appeared to be modulated by the concentration of cassava starch in the polymer blend. The results showed that pregelatinized cassava could be useful in the formulation of floating gastroretentive metronidazole microspheres.

African Proverbs: A Tool in Teaching Bibllcal Truth in the 21st Century

( James Adeyemi Oluwatoyin Babalola ),( Caleb Olayiwola Alu ) 삼육대학교 선교와사회문제연구소 2019 Asia-Africa Journal of Mission and Ministry(AAMM) Vol.19 No.-

Africans are good in oral transmission of truth and knowledge, which enhance a very powerful use of proverbs and adage. Surprisingly, African proverbs have been neglected in Biblical Hermeneutic discourse on this continent. The paper aims to recall our attention to the important value of Proverbs in the knowledge of the Bible and tends to apply the efficacy of African proverbs in teaching biblical truth, first to African and others. This venture will validate the belief that every aspect of African’s life has a religion connotation. African proverbs’ main concerns relate to every aspect of human life. It is to teach wisdom and moral lessons. Thus they contain, and are used to convey, moral lessons and advice on how to live a good and prosperous life. African proverbs are highly important as a tool for teaching moral and social values, and how to conduct oneself successfully in the business of life. Proverbs have the power to change people’s conduct, because the truths portrayed in them are so plain and unchallengeable that those who understand the morals and advice they contain, feel compelled to conduct their lives in the manner prescribed in the proverbs by the wise elders of old. The work explores some opportunities for using African proverbs as a tool in teaching biblical truth. This experience draws the meaning of the Bible not only to the African readers but every reader.

Evaluation of natural and pregelatinized forms of three tropical starches as excipients in tramadol tablet formulation

Cecilia O. Alabi,Inderbir Singh,Oluwatoyin A. Odeku 한국약제학회 2018 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.48 No.3

In the present study, tropical starches from three botanical sources, namely millet starch obtained from the grains of Pennistum glaucum (L) R Br (family Poaceae), sorghum starch from the grains of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (family Gramineae) and cocoyam starch from the tubers of Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott (family Araceae), have been modified and evaluated as directly compressible excipients in tramadol tablet formulations. The starches were extracted from the relevant plant parts and modified by pregelatinization followed freeze drying and used as excipients in tramadol tablets and the tablet properties compared with those made with the natural forms of the starches. The results indicate that starches from the three botanical sources vary in their properties and pregelatinization led to the modification of the physicochemical and material properties of the starches. The pregelatinized starches exhibited better flowability and compressibility than the natural starches. Tramadol tablets prepared with freeze-dried pregelatinized starches generally exhibited higher crushing strength but lower friability than those prepared with the natural starches. The rankings of the crushing strength and the disintegration and dissolution times was cocoyam > millet > sorghum starches, with tramadol tablets containing freeze-dried pregelatinized starches exhibiting significantly (p < 0.01) higher disintegration and dissolution times than tablets made with the natural forms of starches. The freeze-dried pregelatinized starches were suitable as directly compressible excipients and provided controlled release of tramadol indicating their potential application in formulations where slower drug release is desired.

Intima-media thickness of the common carotid arteries as a marker of retinopathy and nephropathy in sickle cell disease

Oluwagbemiga O. Ayoola,Rahman A. Bolarinwa,Oluwatoyin H. Onakpoya,Stephen O. Onigbinde,Christianah M. Asaleye,Akinola A. Odedeyi 대한초음파의학회 2020 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.39 No.1

Purpose: This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is higher in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) than in the normal population, and to determine the relationships of the CIMT with central retinal artery (CRA) and renal artery Doppler indices. Methods: Forty-four confirmed steady-state SCD patients aged 16 years and above were recruited consecutively. The Doppler velocimetric indices of their right renal artery and both CRAs were obtained. The CIMT was also measured on each side via B-mode ultrasonography. The subjects were categorized by age and sex. Mean and median values for each group were determined. The Spearman correlation test was used to quantify the relationships between CIMT and the Doppler parameters. Results: The participants had a median age of 24.50 years (interquartile range, 12.50 to 36.50 years). Twenty-three were men (52.3%) and 21 were women (47.7%). The median CIMT was 0.70 mm (IQR, 0.50 to 0.90 mm). Significant correlations with the CIMT were found for the CRA peak systolic velocity (r=0.312, P=0.003), the renal artery resistivity index (RI) (r=0.284, P=0.007), and the renal artery pulsatility index (PI) (r=0.273, P=0.010). There was no significant relationship between the CIMT and the CRA end-diastolic velocity, CRA RI, or CRA PI. Conclusion: CIMT in SCD patients was higher than in the previously reported age groups of the reference populations. In addition, the CIMT was significantly correlated with the CRA peak systolic velocity, the renal artery RI, and the renal artery PI.

Phytochemicals from Kigelia pinnata Leaves Show Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential on Human Cancer Cell Line

Olubunmi Atolani,Gabriel A. Olatunji,Oluwatoyin Adenike Fabiyi,Adekunle J. Adeniji,Omonike O. Ogbole 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.10

Studies suggest that the traditional applications of Kigelia pinnata leaves have beneficial effects against oxidative stress–mediated diseases and cancers. The pulverized dried leaves of K. pinnata were extracted with hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol sequentially, and the crude extracts were fractionated by silica gel column chromatography with solvent gradient of increasing polarity. 3-hydro-4,8-phytene, trans-phytol, (9Z,12Z)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate, and two oil fractions were obtained. The chemical compositions of chromatographic fractions were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The structure elucidations of the isolated compounds were based on FTIR, MS, and NMR spectral data analyses. These along with the crude extracts were examined for their antioxidant activities using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) assays. Total phenolic contents were also determined. The crude extracts and purified compounds were evaluated on the rhabdomyosarcoma human cancer cell for their cytotoxicity using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assays. The methanol extract was richer in phenolics and was most potent as antioxidant and cytotoxic agent among all the substances tested. Among the fractions and pure compounds, the two oil fractions showed more cytotoxicity potency, with IC50s of 143.4 – 0.5 and 147.9 – 1.3 ng/mL, which is more significant than the reference standard, cyclophosphamide (165.6 – 1.0 ng/mL). 3-hydro-4,8-phytene showed lower antioxidant and cytotoxicity potential (IC50 = 1818 – 5.2 lg/mL and 171.7 – 0.8 ng/mL, respectively). Trans-phytol did not show a high cytotoxic power (IC50 =769.8 – 4.3 ng/mL). The comparatively high cytotoxicity index of (9Z, 12Z)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (IC50 = 153.3 –0.1 ng/mL) indicated that it may be one of the principal cytotoxic agent in the ethyl acetate extract. These results suggest that the leaves of K. pinnata possess tumor cytotoxic potential and could be part of a drug combination for future cancer chemotherapy.

The physicochemical, safety and antimicrobial properties of Phyllanthus amarus herbal cream and ointment

Tolulope O. Ajala,Mbang N. Femi-Oyewo,Oluwatoyin A. Odeku,Oluwasanmi O. Aina,Adebowale B. Saba,Olayinka O. Oridupa 한국약제학회 2016 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.46 No.2

The ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum and Thonn), a plant of ethnomedicinal importance, was formulated into herbal cream and ointment and evaluated using physicochemical, safety and antimicrobial properties. The extract was obtained by maceration and the antimicrobial properties tested on clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans) using established methods. Cream and ointment formulations containing 1–10 % w/w extract was prepared and 4 % w/w humectant (glycerin) was incorporated into the cream while 5 % w/w surfactant (cetomacrogol 1000) was incorporated to the ointment. The results showed that the pH of the formulations was acidic and the viscosity ranged from 1250 to 4950 cP for ointments and 570–1233 cP for creams. The presence of humectant and surfactant significantly (p\0.05) reduced the viscosities of the formulations. The results of dermal irritation showed negligible irritation index while subchronic toxicity tests showed that the formulations did not cause any visible lesions in the skin of the animals after application for twenty-one days. The in vitro antimicrobial properties of formulations were concentration-dependent with the creams showing higher activity. Furthermore, the in vivo activity of the cream on S. aureus showed increased antibacterial activity with increase in extract concentration and humectant presence. The herbal cream and ointment of Phyllanthus amarus extract had acceptable physicochemical and safety profiles with significant (p\0.05) in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity. Thus, the formulations could be useful in the treatment of skin infections instead of using the extract for bathing and rubbing.

Chrysophyllum albidum mucilage as a binding agent in paracetamol tablet formulations

Tolulope O. Ajala,Olufunke D. Akin-Ajani,Chinemerem Ihuoma-Chidi,Oluwatoyin A. Odeku 한국약제학회 2016 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.46 No.6

Chrysophyllum mucilage obtained from the fruit of Chrysophyllum albidum (Family Sapotaceae) has been characterised and evaluated as a binding agent in comparison with methylcellulose in paracetamol tablet formulations. Chrysophyllum mucilage was characterised using elemental and proximate analyses as well as material properties. The Heckel and Kawakita plots were used to assess the compressional properties and the tablet properties were evaluated using tensile strength, friability, disintegration and dissolution times. The results showed the presence of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc and absence of heavy metals from the mucilage. The mucilage exhibited excellent flow and swelling properties, but poor water solubility. The viscosity of chrysophyllum mucilage increased with decrease in temperature in a similar manner with methylcellulose. C. albidum mucilage when used as a binder in paracetamol tablet formulation induced faster onset of plastic deformation and higher amount of total plastic deformation than methylcellulose. The results of the tablet properties showed that the tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution times, increased with increase in binder concentration while friability decreased. Tablets containing chrysophyllum mucilage as binder also had lower tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution times but higher friability values than those containing methylcellulose. However, tablets containing chrysophyllum mucilage at low concentrations conformed to pharmacopeial standard on disintegration indicating its potential usefulness as binder for immediate release tablets. Thus, C. albidum mucilage could be used as an alternative binding agent in pharmaceutical tablets.

Development and Comparison of Three Data Models for Predicting Diabetes Mellitus Using Risk Factors in a Nigerian Population

Oluwakemi Odukoya,Solomon Nwaneri,Ifedayo Odeniyi,Babatunde Akodu,Esther Oluwole,Gbenga Olorunfemi,Oluwatoyin Popoola,Akinniyi Osuntoki 대한의료정보학회 2022 Healthcare Informatics Research Vol.28 No.1

Objectives: This study developed and compared the performance of three widely used predictive models—logistic regression(LR), artificial neural network (ANN), and decision tree (DT)—to predict diabetes mellitus using the socio-demographic,lifestyle, and physical attributes of a population of Nigerians. Methods: We developed three predictive models using 10 inputvariables. Data preprocessing steps included the removal of missing values and outliers, min-max normalization, and featureextraction using principal component analysis. Data training and validation were accomplished using 10-fold cross-validation. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under thereceiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were used as performance evaluation metrics. Analysis and model developmentwere performed in R version 3.6.1. Results: The mean age of the participants was 50.52 ± 16.14 years. The classificationaccuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for LR were, respectively, 81.31%, 84.32%, 77.24%, 72.75%, and 82.49%. Those for ANN were 98.64%, 98.37%, 99.00%, 98.61%, and 98.83%, and those for DT were 99.05%, 99.76%, 98.08%, 98.77%,and 99.82%, respectively. The best-performing and poorest-performing classifiers were DT and LR, with 99.05% and 81.31%accuracy, respectively. Similarly, the DT algorithm achieved the best AUC value (0.992) compared to ANN (0.976) and LR(0.892). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that DT, LR, and ANN models can be used effectively for the prediction ofdiabetes mellitus in the Nigerian population based on certain risk factors. An overall comparative analysis of the modelsshowed that the DT model performed better than LR and ANN.

Facilitating Conditions in Adopting Big Data Analytics at Medical Aid Organizations in South Africa

VELA, Junior Vela,SUBRAMANIAM, Prabhakar Rontala,OFUSORI, Lizzy Oluwatoyin Korea Distribution Science Association 2022 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.13 No.11

Purpose: This study measures the influence of facilitating conditions on employees' attitudes towards the adoption of big data analytics by selected medical aid organizations in Durban. In the health care sector, there are various sources of big data such as patients' medical records, medical examination results, and pharmacy prescriptions. Several organizations take the benefits of big data to improve their performance and productivity. Research design, data, and methodology: A survey research strategy was conducted on some selected medical aid organizations. A non-probability sampling and the purposive sampling technique were adopted in this study. The collected data was analysed using version 23 of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Results: the results show that the "facilitating conditions" have a positive influence on employees' attitudes in the adoption of big data analytics Conclusions: The findings of this study provide empirical and scientific contributions of the facilitating conditions issues regarding employee attitudes toward big data analytics adoption. The findings of this study will add to the body of knowledge in this field and raise awareness, which will spur further research, particularly in developing countries.

Biting of anthropophilic Culicoides fulvithorax (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a vector of Mansonella perstans in Nigeria

Olufemi-Moses AGBOLADE,Dora Olufunmilola AKINBOYE,Taiwo Monroof OLATEJU,Oluwatoyin Adepeju AYANBIYI,Olukayode Olakunle KULOYO,Oluwalolami Oluwaseun FENUGA 대한기생충학열대의학회 2006 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.44 No.1