Effect of Feeding Graded Levels of Undegraded Dietary Protein on Voluntary Intake, Milk Production and Economic Return in Early Lactating Crossbred Cows

Chaturvedi, O.H.,Walli, T.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.8

Fifteen lactating crossbred cows were randomly allotted to three groups of 5 each, and fed three isoproteinous concentrate mixture varying in RDP and UDP ratios, viz. 71: 29 (T1) and 58: 42 (T2) and 44: 56 (T3), along with green maize and wheat straw given as 2/3 and 1/3 of total roughage respectively, for a period of 120 days. The DM intake (kg/d) differed significantly (p<0.01) among the treatments as well as among the fortnights over a period of 120 days. DMI (kg/d) progressively increased from first to eighth fortnight in all the treatments. The daily DMI (% BW) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in T1 (2.37) than those of T2 (2.82) and T3 (2.67). The body weights of cows decreased up to 4th fortnight in T1 and up to 3rd fortnight in T2 and T3, then it showed an increasing trend till the end of the experiment in all the treatments. Cows in T1 lost 10 kg body weight but cows in T2 and T3 gained 23 and 12 kg the body weight, respectively. Both the milk and FCM yield differed significantly (p<0.01) among the fortnights. The FCM yield increased up to 2nd fortnight in all the treatments and thereafter, the FCM yield declined gradually as the lactation advanced. The FCM yield (kg/d) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 (10.47) than in T2 (9.81) and T1 (9.68), however, milk yield, SCM yield and milk energy yield did not differ among the treatments as well as among the fortnights. Fat and protein % in milk increased as the lactation advanced. However, fortnightly SNF % in milk showed an irregular trend. The % fat, protein, SNF and total solids in milk differed significantly (p<0.01) among the fortnights. The % fat and protein in milk varied significantly (p<0.01) among the treatments, being lowest in T1 and highest in T3. The feed efficiency for milk production showed a non-significant variation among the treatments as well as among the fortnights, but increased with the increase in UDP level. It is concluded that by increasing the UDP level from 29 to 56 per cent of CP in the diet of medium producing cows, the milk production increases and cost of milk production reduces.

Survival of tissue-resident memory T cells requires exogenous lipid uptake and metabolism

Pan, Youdong,Tian, Tian,Park, Chang Ook,Lofftus, Serena Y.,Mei, Shenglin,Liu, Xing,Luo, Chi,O’Malley, John T.,Gehad, Ahmed,Teague, Jessica E.,Divito, Sherrie J.,Fuhlbrigge, Robert,Puigserver, Pere,Kru Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nat 2017 Nature Vol.543 No.7644

Tissue-resident memory T (T<SUB>RM</SUB>) cells persist indefinitely in epithelial barrier tissues and protect the host against pathogens. However, the biological pathways that enable the long-term survival of T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells are obscure. Here we show that mouse CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells generated by viral infection of the skin differentially express high levels of several molecules that mediate lipid uptake and intracellular transport, including fatty-acid-binding proteins 4 and 5 (FABP4 and FABP5). We further show that T-cell-specific deficiency of Fabp4 and Fabp5 (Fabp4/Fabp5) impairs exogenous free fatty acid (FFA) uptake by CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells and greatly reduces their long-term survival in vivo, while having no effect on the survival of central memory T (T<SUB>CM</SUB>) cells in lymph nodes. In vitro, CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells, but not CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>CM</SUB> cells, demonstrated increased mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the presence of exogenous FFAs; this increase was not seen in Fabp4/Fabp5 double-knockout CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells. The persistence of CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells in the skin was strongly diminished by inhibition of mitochondrial FFA β-oxidation in vivo. Moreover, skin CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells that lacked Fabp4/Fabp5 were less effective at protecting mice from cutaneous viral infection, and lung Fabp4/Fabp5 double-knockout CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells generated by skin vaccinia virus (VACV) infection were less effective at protecting mice from a lethal pulmonary challenge with VACV. Consistent with the mouse data, increased FABP4 and FABP5 expression and enhanced extracellular FFA uptake were also demonstrated in human CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells in normal and psoriatic skin. These results suggest that FABP4 and FABP5 have a critical role in the maintenance, longevity and function of CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells, and suggest that CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells use exogenous FFAs and their oxidative metabolism to persist in tissue and to mediate protective immunity.

Staged development of long-lived T-cell receptor αβ T_H17 resident memory T-cell population to <i>Candida albicans</i> after skin infection

Park, Chang Ook,Fu, Xiujun,Jiang, Xiaodong,Pan, Youdong,Teague, Jessica E.,Collins, Nicholas,Tian, Tian,O'Malley, John T.,Emerson, Ryan O.,Kim, Ji Hye,Jung, Yookyung,Watanabe, Rei,Fuhlbrigge, Robert C Elsevier 2018 The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology Vol.142 No.2

<P><B>Background</B></P> <P> <I>Candida albicans</I> is a dimorphic fungus to which human subjects are exposed early in life, and by adulthood, it is part of the mycobiome of skin and other tissues. Neonatal skin lacks resident memory T (T<SUB>RM</SUB>) cells, but in adults the <I>C albicans</I> skin test is a surrogate for immunocompetence. Young adult mice raised under specific pathogen-free conditions are naive to <I>C albicans</I> and have been shown recently to have an immune system resembling that of neonatal human subjects.</P> <P><B>Objective</B></P> <P>We studied the evolution of the adaptive cutaneous immune response to <I>Candida</I> species.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>We examined both human skin T cells and the <I>de novo</I> and memory immune responses in a mouse model of <I>C albicans</I> skin infection.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>In mice the initial IL-17–producing cells after <I>C albicans</I> infection were dermal γδ T cells, but by day 7, αβ T<SUB>H</SUB>17 effector T cells were predominant. By day 30, the majority of <I>C albicans</I>–reactive IL-17–producing T cells were CD4 T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells. Intravital microscopy showed that CD4 effector T cells were recruited to the site of primary infection and were highly motile 10 days after infection. Between 30 and 90 days after infection, these CD4 T cells became increasingly sessile, acquired expression of CD69 and CD103, and localized to the papillary dermis. These established T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells produced IL-17 on challenge, whereas motile migratory memory T cells did not. T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells rapidly clear an infectious challenge with <I>C albicans</I> more effectively than recirculating T cells, although both populations participate. We found that in normal human skin IL-17–producing CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells that responded to <I>C albicans</I> in an MHC class II–restricted fashion could be identified readily.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>These studies demonstrate that <I>C albicans</I> infection of skin preferentially generates CD4<SUP>+</SUP> IL-17–producing T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells, which mediate durable protective immunity.</P>

한우 사골, 꼬리, 우족 및 잡뼈 추출물의 이화학적 특성

이진규(J. K. Lee),정지택(J. T. Jeong),최정석(J. S. Choi1),정명옥(M. O. Jung),최양일(Y. I. Choi) 충북대학교 동물생명과학연구소 2017 동물생명과학연구 Vol.9 No.-

This study was conducted to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of various bone extracts in Hanwoo cattle. The experimental materials are as follows; T1(Shank bone extract), T2(Tail extract), T3(Beef feet extract), and T4(The other bones extract). In the proximate composition, the T1 and T2 showed higher moisture and fat contents than those of T3 and T4(p<0.05), and the T3 had the highest protein content among the bone extracts(p<0.05). The quality properties including salinity, sugar content, turbidity and yellowness(b*) values were significantly higher in the T3 than the other bone extracts(p<0.05). However, the pH value of T3 was significantly lower than the other bone extracts. In the mineral contents, calcium contents of bone extracts were 36.33-48.57mg/kg, and the content of phosphorus was the lowest in T1(4.62mg/kg) and T2(19.88mg/kg) was the highest(p<0.05). Contents of sodium and potassium were the highest in T3(215.83mg/kg) and T2(54.59mg/kg), while the content of magnesium was the lowest in T3(12.28mg/kg). In conclusion, these results could be suggested to be the basis information for processed meat extract products industry in korea using Hanwoo bone extract.

The Technical and Financial Effects of Parenteral Supplementation with Selenium and Vitamin E during Late Pregnancy and the Early Lactation Period on the Productivity of Dairy Cattle

T. Bayril,A.S. Yildiz,F. Akdemir,C. Yalcin,M. Kose,O. Yilmaz 아세아·태평양축산학회 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.8

This study aimed to determine the effects of parenteral selenium (Se) and vitamin E supplementation on economic impact, milk yield, and some reproductive parameters in high-yield dairy cows in the dry period and in those at the beginning of lactation. At the beginning of the dry period, cows (n = 323) were randomly divided into three groups as follows: Treatment 1 (T1), Treatment 2 (T2), and Control (C). Cows in group T1 received this preparation 21 days before calving and on calving day, and cows in group T2 received it only on calving day. The cows in the control group did not receive this preparation. Supplementation with Se increased Se serum levels of cows treated at calving day (p<0.05). Differences in milk yield at all weeks and the electrical conductivity values at the 8th and 12th weeks were significant (p<0.05). Supplementation with Se and Vitamin E decreased the incidence of metritis, the number of services per conception and the service period, but had no effects on the incidence of retained fetal membrane. A partial budgeting analysis indicated that Se supplementation was economically profitable; cows in group T1 averaged 240.6$ per cow, those in group T2 averaged 224.6$ per cow. Supplementation with Se and Vitamin E has been found to increase serum Se levels, milk yield, and has positive effects on udder health by decreasing milk conductivity values and incidence of sub-clinical mastitis.

RF slice profile effects in magnetic resonance fingerprinting

Hong, T.,Han, D.,Kim, M.O.,Kim, D.H. Pergamon Press 2017 Magnetic resonance imaging Vol.41 No.-

The radio frequency (RF) slice profile effects on T1 and T2 estimation in magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) are investigated with respect to time-bandwidth product (TBW), flip angle (FA) level and field inhomogeneities. Signal evolutions are generated incorporating the non-ideal slice selective excitation process using Bloch simulation and matched to the original dictionary with and without the non-ideal slice profile taken into account. For validation, phantom and in vivo experiments are performed at 3T. Both simulations and experiments results show that T1 and T2 error from non-ideal slice profile increases with increasing FA level, off-resonance, and low TBW values. Therefore, RF slice profile effects should be compensated for accurate determination of the MR parameters.

MOCVD에 의하여 성장된 Al/Al₂O₃/Si 와 Al/Al₂O₃/InP의 전기적인 수송에 관한 연구

김태환,조광섭,강승언 光云大學校 1991 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition via pyrolysis at low temperature of Al₂O₃from Al(O-C₃H?)₃as well as other possible insulators from metalorganic sources will be investigated with the goal of producing high quality Al₂O₃/Si and Al₂O₃/InP interfaces. Room temperature capacitance-voltage measurements dependent on several frequencies were used to characterize the electrical properties of the structures after metal gate electrodes have been deposited.

Phenolic Extract of Dialium guineense Pulp Enhances Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification in Aflatoxin B1 Hepatocarcinogenesis

Abdulwasiu O. Adeleye,Taofeek O. Ajiboye,Ganiyat A. Iliasu,Folakemi A. Abdussalam,Abdulazeez Balogun,Oluwayemisi B. Ojewuyi,Musa T. Yakubu 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.8

This study investigated the effect of Dialium guineense pulp phenolic extract on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)–induced oxidative imbalance in rat liver. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging potentials of free and bound phenolic extract of D. guineense (0.2–1.0 mg/mL) were investigated in vitro using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide ion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical, and ferric ion reducing system. In the in vivo study, 35 animals were randomized into seven groups of five rats each. Free and bound phenolic extract (1 mg/mL) produced 66.42% and 93.08%, 57.1% and 86.0%, 62.0% and 90.05%, and 60.11% and 72.37% scavenging effect on DPPH radical, O2 - radical, H2O2, and hydroxyl radical, while ferric ion was significantly reduced. An AFB1-mediated decrease in the activities of ROS detoxifying enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase) was significantly attenuated (P < .05). AFB1-mediated elevation in the concentrations of oxidative stress biomarkers; malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl, and percentage DNA fragmentation were significantly lowered by D. guineense phenolic extract (P < .05). Overall, the in vitro and in vivo effects suggest that D. guineense phenolic extract elicited ROS scavenging and detoxification potentials, as well as the capability of preventing lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA fragmentation.

Combustion properties of gaseous CH₄/O₂ coaxial jet flames in a single-element combustor

Kim, T.Y.,Choi, S.,Kim, H.K.,Jeung, I.S.,Koo, J.,Kwon, O.C. Butterworths [etc.] ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 Fuel Vol.184 No.-

Fundamental combustion properties of gaseous methane (CH<SUB>4</SUB>)/oxygen (O<SUB>2</SUB>) coaxial jet flames in a single-element combustor are experimentally evaluated as a preliminary step for subsequent studies of injection at very low temperature or using liquid O<SUB>2</SUB> for CH<SUB>4</SUB>/O<SUB>2</SUB> bipropellants, recently appearing to be the oncoming liquid bipropellant. A combustion chamber with quartz windows, a single shear coaxial injector and an exhaust nozzle on the downstream of the chamber is considered for the present study. Focusing on the measurements of the ignition and combustion stability limits of the coaxial jet flames in the chamber, flame visualization is also conducted by OH<SUP>*</SUP> chemiluminescence, schlieren imaging and direct imaging. Results show the ignition limits restricted than the combustion stability limits. Flame behaviors are largely classified into two, the stably attached flame and the oscillating, liftoff (near-blowout) flame. Due to cooling effects on the wall of the chamber, stably liftoff flame is not observed. The stability of the flame is greatest at fuel-rich condition (based on the injected amounts of CH<SUB>4</SUB> and O<SUB>2</SUB>). From the flame visualization flame thickness is found to be smaller than the injector lip thickness and insensitive to injection conditions. The laminar-flow behavior near the injector exit due to the strong burning of pure O<SUB>2</SUB> is observed even for high Reynolds numbers (Re). The flame visualization also exhibits the recirculating O<SUB>2</SUB> that enhances burning in the combustor through the reaction with the outer fuel jet. The results of ignition limits, combustion stability limits and flame visualization can be used as a database for researches of modeling the gaseous CH<SUB>4</SUB>/O<SUB>2</SUB> jet flames in the combustion chamber.

Trichloroethylene 취급 작업장의 공기 중 농도와 근로자의 요중 Trichloroacetic Acid 농도의 상관관계에 관한 조사연구

권오윤,이종태,문덕환,배기택 인제대학교 1990 仁濟醫學 Vol.11 No.3

부산ㆍ경남지역의 Trichloroethylene 취급 사업장 중 4개업종 20개소를 대상으로 기중 Trichloroethylene 농도를 측정하고, 이들 사업장 근로자 중 101명을 대상으로 요중 Trichloroaceticacid 농도를 분석하여 Trichloroethlene 폭로 정도를 평가하였다. Trichloroethylene, which is a chlorinated unsaturated hydrocarbon, is widely used as a solvent in degreasing operations. In the present study, the time-weighted average intensity of trichloroethylene exposure at work environments in 20 manufactures of 4 industries was assessed, at the same time trichloroacetic acid excretion in urine among 101 workers exposed to trichloroethylene was measured, and the exposure-excretion relationship was investigated. The results were summarized as follows; 1.The environmental trichloroethylene level was highest in metal machine industry(121.3ppm), followed by fabricated metal industry (106.0ppm), precision machine industry(65.0 ppm) and electrical machine industry(48.0 ppm). 2.The rate of urinary trichloroacetic acid concentration over 75mg/l among 101 workers was 42.6%(43 workers). 3.There is a linear correlation between the environmental exposure and urinary excretion(Y=1.05584X+35.65591, r=0.52401, p=0.0000).