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Norbert Nemeth,Oguz K. Baskurt,Herbert J. Meiselman,Ferenc Kiss,Mehmet Uyuklu,Timea Hever,Erika Sajtos,Peter Kenyeres,Kalman Toth,Istvan Furka,Iren Miko 한국유변학회 2009 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.21 No.2
Hemorheological results may be influenced by the time between blood sampling and measurement, and storage conditions (e.g., temperature, time) during sample delivery between laboratories may further affect the resulting data. This study examined possible hemorheological alterations subsequent to storage of rat and dog blood at room temperature (22℃) or with cooling (4~10℃) for 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Measured hemorheological parameters included hematological indices, RBC aggregation and RBC deformability. Our results indicate that marked changes of RBC deformability and of RBC aggregation in whole blood can occur during storage, especially for samples stored at room temperature. The patterns of deformability and aggregation changes at room temperature are complex and species specific, whereas those for storage at the lower temperature range are much less complicated. For room temperature storage, it thus seems logical to suggest measuring rat and dog cell deformability within 6 hours; aggregation should be measured immediately for rat blood or within 6 hours for dog blood. Storage at lower temperatures allows measuring EI up to 72 hours after sampling, while aggregation must be measured immediately, or if willing to accept a constant decrease, over 24~72 hours.
Norbert Hüser,Dietrich Doll,Jennifer Altomonte,Martin Werner,Monika Kriner,Anne Preissel,Stefan Thorban,Edouard Matevossian 대한약학회 2009 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.32 No.2
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a main cause of primary dysfunction or non-function after liver transplantation (LTx). Recent evidence indicates that an increase in nitric oxide (NO) production after LTx is associated with I/R injury. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that low-dose FK506 in combination with aminoguanidine (AGH), which leads to a reduction of NO levels, has a protective effect by reducing I/R associated injury after LTx. Fortyone DA-(RT1av1) rats served as donors and recipients for syngenic orthotopic arterialised LTx. They were divided into 4 groups: controls without pre-/treatment (I), pre-/treatment with high-dose FK506 (II), pre-/treatment with AGH only (Ⅲ), and pre-/treatment with low-dose FK506 in combination with AGH (Ⅳ). After LTx the laboratory parameters and liver biopsy were performed. The levels of transaminase (ALT) in groups I, II and III were significantly higher on day 3 after LTx compared to group Ⅳ (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.000). In group Ⅳ the I/R-associated liver necrosis rate was reduced significantly. Our results demonstrated that a combined dual pharmacological pretreatment (group Ⅳ) reduced I/R injury of the graft after LTx in a rat model.
Norbert Nemeth,Oguz K. Baskurt,Herbert J. Meiselman,Istvan Furka,Iren Miko 한국유변학회 2009 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.21 No.3
Micropore filtration of dilute red blood cell (RBC) suspensions is a widely known method for determining red blood cell deformability. Use of this method for cells from various laboratory animal species does require considering the effects of the cell size to pore size ratio and of suspension hematocrit. In general, previous animal studies have utilized 5% hematocrit suspensions and five micron pores, and thus conditions similar to human clinical laboratory practice. However, when used for repeated sampling from small laboratory animals or for parallel multiple samples from different sites in large laboratory animals, the volume of blood sampled and hence the hematocrit of the test suspension may be limited. Our results indicate that hematocrit levels yielding stable values of RBC pore transit time are pore size and species specific: three micron pores=2~5% for dog and 3~5% for rat; five micron pores 3~5% for dog and 1~5% for rat. An analytical approach using a common expression for calculating transit time is useful for determining the sensitivity of this time to hematocrit alterations and hence to indicate hematocrit levels that may be problematic.
Foreign Direct Investment: Rule of Law and Corruption
Norbert Pierre 한국증권학회 2015 Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies Vol.44 No.2
I present a simple model of two representative firms embedded in an environment of institu- tionalized government corruption. One firm has access to foreign direct investment, but that access is limited by the quality of rule of law in the economy. I use the model to explore the question, addressed in recent economic literature, of whether or not foreign direct investment reduces corruption. I show that corruption may increase or decrease depending on the inter- action of foreign direct investment and rule of law. Further, I show that, under certain cir- cumstances, the corrupt governmental bureaucracy may increase corrupt revenue by increasing the quality of legal protection.
Harmonisation of European Contract Law
Norbert Reich 조선대학교 법학연구원 2011 法學論叢 Vol.18 No.1
소비자보호법을 중심으로 한 유럽계약법의 문제는 상당히 어려운 문제이다. 소비자계약법은 엄격하게 보면 상당히 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 발전되어 왔고, B2C거래에 적용될 계약에 대하여는 새로운 원칙이 채택되기도 하였지만, 수미일관된 체계를 갖추었다고는 할 수 없다. “최소한의 조화(minimal harmonisation)”라는 원칙은 회원국이 자신만의 계약법을 발전시키는데 유리하지한, 이는 통일성을 저해하는 한편 EU 역내에서의 상품 및 용역의 자유로운 흐름에 장애가 될 수도 있다. 다른 영역의 계약법에 관한 규제는 점진적 발전을 이루어 왔고, 본고에서 논의된 여러 새로운 원칙에도 불구하고 통합의 필요가 절실한 분야들이다. 계약법과 불법행위법에 관한 국제사법 부분은 최근에 채택된 로마규칙 Ⅰ, Ⅱ 593/2008 및 864/2007를 통하여 통일적 적용이 가능하고 보다 일원적이고 체계적인 발전이 이루어지게 되었다. 향후의 개혁은 일견 달라 보이는 두 영역에서 진행될 것으로 보인다. 즉 유럽의 법학자들에 의하여 준비되고 공표된 최근의 DCFR(Draft Common Frame of Reference)과 유럽의회에서 논의되고 있는 2008 소비자권리 지침에 대한 유럽위원회의 제안이 그것이다. 첫 번째 것은 기본흐름을 읽을 수 있는 유효한 자료가 되겠지만 구체적 입법을 위한 모범법의 형식은 아니다. 두 번째 개혁은 완전한 조화라는 지나친 이상으로 인하여 실패에 봉착할 것으로 보인다. 논의를 종합하면, 현재 통일된 성문제정법 내지 그와 유사한 방식의 EU계약법 탄생은 가능성이 희박한 상황이며, 향후 계약법의 발전을 위하여 는 어느 정도 현실주의적 접근방식이 필요하다고 보인다.