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Nils-OlofNilvebrant,Niklas Garoff,Christer Fellers 한국펄프·종이공학회 1999 한국펄프종이학회 기타 간행물 Vol.- No.-
Friction was measured on filter paper sheets impregnated with model compounds representing wood extractives using an apparatus based on the horizontal plane principle. The best lubrication of paper surfaces was achieved when they were completely separated by a densely packed film of saturated long-chain amphophilic molecules, such as fatty acids. The fatty acids adsorbed with their polar ends on the paper surface, causing their hydrocarbon chains to be orientated perpendi-cularly to the paper surface. The saturated C 18-acid, stearic acid, was an efficient lubricator for paper surfaces. The introduction of a double bond in stearic acid eliminated its lubricating ability. The spatial length of the lubricating fatty acid thereby decreases from 24 A to II A. However the trans-isomer of oleic acid, elaidic acid, had the ability to lower friction due to an increased spatial length of the fatty acid. Both the spatial length of the hydrocarbon chain and the number of lubricating chains may be of importance for the paper-ta-paper friction caused by wood extractives. A hydrophilic head-group in the wood extractive and an ordered molecular layer of lubricating molecules seems also to be prerequisites for efficient lubrication. A chemical weak boundary layer between the paper sheets was suggested to cause the low friction when long chain saturated fatty acids were deposited on paper.
Nils Plato,Jan I. Martinsen,Kristina Kjaerheim,Pentti Kyyronen,Pär Sparen,Elisabete Weiderpass 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2018 Safety and health at work Vol.9 No.3
Background: There is little information on the doseeresponse relationship between exposure to occupational carcinogenic agents and mesothelioma. This study aimed to investigate this association as well as the existence of agents other than asbestos that might cause mesothelioma. Methods: The Swedish component of the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) study consists of 6.78 million individuals with detailed information on occupation. Mesothelioma diagnoses recorded in 1961- 2009 were identified through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Registry. We determined cumulative exposure, time of first exposure, and maximum exposure intensity by linking data on occupation to the Swedish NOCCA job-exposure matrix, which includes 29 carcinogenic agents and corresponding exposure for 283 occupations. To assess the risk of mesothelioma, we used conditional logistic regression models to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: 2,757 mesothelioma cases were identified in males, including 1,416 who were exposed to asbestos. Univariate analyses showed not only a significant excess risk for maximum exposure intensity, with a hazard ratio of 4.81 at exposure levels 1.25-2.0 fb/ml but also a clear doseeresponse effect for cumulative exposure with a 30-, 40-, and 50-year latency time. No convincing excess risk was revealed for any of the other carcinogenic agents included in the Swedish NOCCA job-exposure matrix. Conclusion: When considering asbestos exposure, past exposure, even for short periods, might be enough to cause mesothelioma of the pleura later in life.
HOW TO DESIGN SERVICE INNOVATION PROCESSES:DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARTICIPATION QUALITY SCALE
Nils O. Ommen,Markus Blut,Christof Backhaus,David M. Woisetschl?ger 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7
Research on new product development has emphasized the importance of integrating customers, employees, and suppliers in an organization’s innovation processes. While several studies evaluate respective participatory processes, there is, surprisingly, no consensus on which dimension participation quality consists of, and how to measure them consistently. The present study contributes to the literature by identifying the dimensions of participation quality and by constructing a participation quality scale that includes six dimensions, namely (1) project-related resources, (2) early involvement, (3) degree of influence, (4) transparency of processes, (5) incentive mechanisms, and (6) voluntariness of participation. Furthermore, a 24-item measure of participation quality is developed using a mixed-method design. Results of our study show that the developed measure impacts important innovation-related outcomes such as innovation performance, acceptance of the innovation, and intention to participate in future innovation projects. Given that the six identified dimensions of participation quality differentially affect these outcomes, the scale provides the opportunity to better design participatory innovation projects, and thus helps managers to integrate stakeholders more successfully in these projects.
State-Space Modeling of DC Distribution Systems: Experimental Validation
Nils H. van der Blij,Laura M. Ramirez-Elizondo,Matthijs T.J. Spaan,Wuhua Li,Pavol Bauer 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5
To tackle the challenges of future distribution systems, dc is being reconsidered. However, broad adoption of dc distribution systems requires additional research into the modeling, stability, protection and control of these systems. Previous research presents modeling methods that only consider monopolar configurations and do not take mutual couplings into account. Therefore, this paper presents a state-space method that can be applied to any dc distribution system, regardless of configuration and mutual couplings. Moreover, it shows how the state-space matrices can be derived in a programmatic manner. Furthermore, the models are validated using an experimental dc microgrid set-up. Due to the mathematical nature, the presented modeling method can be applied easily, and the stability and control can be analyzed algebraically.