환경영향평가와 환경위험의 평가

Niemeyer, Adelbert 한국환경영향평가학회 1995 환경영향평가 Vol.4 No.3

In former times the protection of our environment didn't play an important role due to the fact that emissions and effluents were not considered as serious impacts. However, opinions and scientific measurements meanwhile confirmed that the impacts are more serious than expected. Thus measures to protect our earth has to be taken into consideration. A part of these measures in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). One of the most important parts of the ElA is the collection of basic datas and the following evaluation. Experience out of the daily business of Gerling Consulting Group shows that the content of the EIA has to be revised and enlarged in certain fields. The historical development demonstrated that in areas in which the population and the industrial activities reached high concentration there is a high necessity to develop strict environmental laws and regulations. Maximum values of the concentration of hazardous materials were fixed concerning the emission into and water. Companies not following these regulations were punished. The total amount of environmental offences increased rapidly during the last dccade, at least in Germany. During this development the public consciousness concerning environmental affairs increaed as well in the industrialized countries. But it could clearly be seen that the development in the field of environmental protection went into the wrong direction. The technologies to protect the environment became more and more sophisticated and terms as: "state of the art" guided more and more to lower emissions, Filtertechnologies and wastewater treatment for example reached a high technical level-but all these sophisticated technologies has one and the same characteristic: they were end-of-the pipe solutions. A second effect was that this kind of environmental protection costs a lot of money. High investments are necessary to reduce the dust emission by another ppm! Could this be the correct way? In Germany the discussion started that the environmental laws reduce the attractivity to invest or to enlarge existing investments within the country. Other countries seem to be not so strict with controlling the environmental laws which means it's simply cheaper to produce in Portugal or Greece. Everybody however knows that this is not the correct way and does not solve the environmental problems. Meanwhile the general picture changes a little bit and we think it changes into the correct direction "End-of-the-pipe" solutions are still necessary but this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word especially in connection with environmental management and safety. Modern actual environmental management starts in a different way. Thoughts about emissions start in the very beginning of the production, they start with the design of the product and modification of traditional modes of production. Basis of these ideas are detailed analyses of products and processes. Due to the above mentioned facts that the public environmental consciousness changed dramatically a continous environmental improvement of each single production plant has to be guarantied. This question is already an important question of the EIA. But it was never really checked in a wholistic approach. Environmental risks have to be taken into considerations during the execution of an EIA. This means that the environmental risks have to be reduced down to a capable risk-level. Environmental risks have to be considered within the phase of planning, during the operation of a plant and after shut down. The experience shows that most of the environmental relevant accidents were and caused by human fault. Even in highly protected plants the human risk-factor can not be excluded during evaluation of the risk-potential. Thus the approach of an EIA has to regard technical evaluations as well as organizational thoughts and the human factor. An environmental risk is a threat to the environment. An analysis of the risk concerning the organizational and human aspect however never was properly executed during an EIA. A possible solution could be to use an instrument as the actual EMAS (Environmental Management System) of the EC for more accurate evaluation of the impact to the environment during an EIA. Organizations or investors could demonstrate by an approved EMAS or even by showing their installment of EMAS that not only the technical level of the planned investment meets the requested standards but as well the actual or planned management is able to reduce the environmental impact down to a bearable level.

Fundamental Metrology by Counting Single Flux and Single Charge Quanta with Superconducting Circuits

Niemeyer, J. The Korean Superconductivity Society 2002 Progress in superconductivity Vol.4 No.1

Transferring single flux quanta across a Josephson junction at an exactly determined rate has made highly precise voltage measurements possible. Making use of self-shunted Nb-based SINIS junctions, programmable fast-switching DC voltage standards with output voltages of up to 10 V were produced. This development is now extended from fundamental DC measurements to the precise determination of AC voltages with arbitrary waveforms. Integrated RSFQ circuits will help to replace expensive semiconductor devices for frequency control and signal coding. Easy-to-handle AC and inexpensive quantum voltmeters of fundamental accuracy would be of interest to industry. In analogy to the development in the flux regime, metallic nanocircuits comprising small-area tunnel junctions and providing the coherent transport of single electrons might play an important role in quantum current metrology. By precise counting of single charges these circuits allow prototypes of quantum standards for electric current and capacitance to be realised. Replacing single electron devices by single Cooper pair circuits, the charge transfer rates and thus the quantum currents could be significantly increased. Recently, the principles of the gate-controlled transfer of individual Cooper pairs in superconducting A1 devices in different electromagnetic environments were demonstrated. The characteristics of these quantum coherent circuits can be improved by replacing the small aluminum tunnel Junctions by niobium junctions. Due to the higher value of the superconducting energy gap ($\Delta_{Nb}$ = $7\Delta_{Al}$), the characteristic energy and the frequency scales for Nb devices are substantially extended as compared to A1 devices. Although the fabrication of small Nb junctions presents a real challenge, the Nb-based metrological devices will be faster and more accurate in operation. Moreover, the Nb-based Cooper pair electrometer could be coupled to an Nb single Cooper pair qubit which can be beneficial for both, the stability of the qubit and its readout with a large signal-to-noise ratio..

Nanobiotechnology II: More Concepts and Applications

Chad A. Mirkin,Christof M. Niemeyer 한국산업식품공학회 2008 식품과 기계 Vol.5 No.1

Quantifying Structural Effects of Amino Acid Ligands in Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Functionalization Reactions

Park, Yoonsu,Niemeyer, Zachary L.,Yu, Jin-Quan,Sigman, Matthew S. American Chemical Society 2018 Organometallics Vol.37 No.2

<P>Delineating complex ligand effects on enantioselectivity is a longstanding challenge in asymmetric catalysis. With α-amino acid ligands, the essential difficulty lies in accurately describing integrated perturbations induced by simultaneous variation about the α side chain and N protecting group of the ligand, which hampers an intuitive understanding of the structure-enantioselectivity relationships. To deconvolute such complexity in chiral amino acid enabled enantioselective C-H functionalization reactions, a computational organometallic model system was developed. Whereas a model based only on a conventional results in diminished predictive power, the ground state Pd(II)-based models display an excellent ability to describe the observed enantioselectivity. These structures were leveraged using a multivariate modeling approach to successfully describe Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H alkylation, alkenylation, and two C-H arylation reactions, wherein descriptors of torsion angle, percent buried volume, and NBO charge showed quantitative relevance to predict enantiomeric excess. On the basis of the insights revealed in these case studies, an optimal set of amino acid ligands is suggested to provide maximum information in a screening campaign.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Culture as an Influence on Literary Interpretations: Integrating Literature in Order to Teach Cross-Cultural Values in the Language Classroom

배정옥,Susan L. Niemeyer 한국영미어문학회 2009 영미어문학 Vol.- No.90

Literature provides cultural themes and values that are beyond the means to increase students’ linguistic competence in the language classroom. This paper aims to illustrate the advantages of integrating literature in language classrooms in order to promote students’ cross-cultural awareness. We selected three essays from a book entitled Living with stranger in the U.S.A. and outlined a cluster of value differences between American and Korean cultures embodied in the literature. Specifically, values related to horizontal vs. vertical relationships between the teacher and the student with respect to the two cultures are discussed: namely, a cluster of values consisting of equality, informality, and contextual roles in the American context; and another cluster of values consisting of hierarchy, formality, and role continuity in the Korean context. The analysis shows that Americans and Koreans can interpret these essays differently based upon their cultural values. Finally, the paper presents a culture assimilator and a critical incident, designed to help promote Korean students’ awareness of cross-cultural values.

Culture as an Influence on Literary Interpretations: Integrating Literature in Order to Teach Cross-Cultural Values in the language Classroom

Jungok Bae,Susan L,Niemeyer 한국영미어문학회 2009 영미어문학 Vol.- No.90

Literature provides cultural themes and values that are beyond the means to increase students' linguistic competence in the language classroom. This paper aims to illustrate the advantages of integrating literature in language classrooms in order to promote students' cross-cultural awareness. We selected three essays from a book entitled Living with stranger in the U.S.A. and outlined a cluster of value differences between American and Korean cultures embodied in the literature. specifically, values related to horizontal vs. vertical relationships between the teacher and the student with respect to the two cultures are discussed: namely, a cluster of values consisting of equality, informality, and contextual roles in the American context; and another cluster of values consisting of hierarchy, formality, and role continuity in the Korean context. The analysis shows that Americans and Koreans can interpret these essays differently based upon their cultural values. Finally, the paper presents a culture assimilator and a critical incident, designed to help promote Korean students' awareness of cross-cultural values.

B lymphocytes taken to task: a role for a background conductance K2P K+ channel in B cells. Focus on 'Expression of TASK-2 and its upregulation by B cell receptor stimulation in WEHI-231 mouse immature B cells'.

Flores, Carlos A,Cid, L Pablo,Niemeyer, Marí,a Isabel,Sepú,lveda, Francisco V American Physiological Society 2011 American journal of physiology. Cell physiology Vol.300 No.5

Stabilization of Magnet Current Using Voltage Standards

Kim, K.-T.,Kim, M.-S.,Park, P.G.,Niemeyer, J. IEEE 2005 IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol.41 No.10

A stable high current source is frequently used for various magnetic metrology applications such as magnetic field generation for <TEX>$gamma'_ p$</TEX> , measurement and for testing various magnetic sensors. As a current stabilization method, a feedback scheme based on a voltage reference was previously suggested. We tested the feedback method for 1 A solenoid current using Zener voltage standard, and attained stability of <TEX>$2times10^-8$</TEX> . Comparing the result with previous one using programmable Josephson voltage standard, we found the limitation of the attained stability is mainly from the feedback scheme, not from the stability of voltage reference. The 1 A is magnitude of the SI ampere (A), and current at which the <TEX>$gamma_ p'$</TEX> measurement is carried out.

Josephson voltage standard as a current reference and practical method for stabilization of high current

Kim, Kyu-Tae,Kim, Mun-Seog,Kim, Myungsoo,Niemeyer, J. IEEE 2005 IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measureme Vol.54 No.2

A stable reference source with a high current capability is useful for many metrological applications. Unlike the conventional Josephson voltage standard, one can couple the programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) to a current source below milliamp range to stabilize the current. For higher current ranges, we tested a feedback method which allowed us to stabilize the 0.1-A output current of a commercial current source to within a standard deviation of 2 × 10<SUP>-8</SUP> A/A.

Sequential Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Bone Regeneration

Eva Johanna Huebner,Nestor Torio Padron,David Kubosch,Guenter Finkenzeller,Norbert P. Suedkamp,Philipp Niemeyer 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2015 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.12 No.5

In this study we hypothesized that as a simulation of endochondral bone formation, bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) provide a sequential chondro-osteogenic differentiation potential. A chondrogenic priming of BMSC leads to a spontaneous three-dimensional cell formation. BMSC were chondrogenically differentiated prior to an osteogenic stimulation. Duration of cell culture was 28 days, whereas in group A BMSC were chondrogenically differentiated for 1 day, followed by an osteogenic differentiation for 27 days. In group B BMSC were chondrogenically differentiated for 14 days prior to an osteogenic differentiation of 14 days and group C BMSC were differentiated chondrogenically for 28 days serving as a chondrogenic control group. Chondrogenic priming induced a spontaneous three-dimensional cell formation. To survey the stability of the osteogenic phenotype in the absence of an osteogenic stimulus, investigations were performed in vivo in a specially adapted chorioallantoic membrane model of fertilized White Leghorn eggs. Histology and real time polymerase chain reaction revealed a higher amount of osteogenic extracellular matrix synthesis and significant higher expressions of osteogenic marker genes in group B after 14 days of chondrogenic and 14 days of osteogenic stimulation. Matrix calcification in vivo in the absence of an osteogenic stimulus could be demonstrated. The results of the present study support the theory of a sequential differentiation potential of BMSC. A chondrogenic priming of BMSC stimulated into the osteogenic lineage result in a stable osteogenic phenotype in a scaffold-free, three-dimensional tissue engineering application.