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Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Bulgaria
Iliev, Nasko,Iliev, Ivan,Park, Young-Goo Korean Society of Forest Science 2005 한국산림과학회지 Vol.94 No.5
Robinia pseudoacacia is one of most widely cultivated exotic species in Bulgaria. The total area of black locust plantations amounts to 2.9% of the total forest area of the country. 15.34% of the plantations are of management afforestations category, where the priority is given to timber production. They have been created on rich and moisture soils, which are the most appropriate for the species in order to achieve its biological potentials of high productivity. The rest of the available plantations in the country are planted on poorer and drier soils up to 600~800 m altitude. The high adaptive ability of the species to unsuitable environmental conditions as well as the high sprout potential was used for their creation. These stands are mainly done with the aim to protect and ameliorate damaged environments and production of small-size timber and fire woods. They are cultivated until 15-20 years and are revived by sprouts. Therefore the management goals searched, 45.69% of those forests are low productive and 38.97% with average productiveness. The present report deals with growth and productivity capacity of black locust plantations; production of sowing materials; production of reproductive and vegetative saplings for afforestation; the technological aspects of afforestation works; the management and use of black locust plantations as well as some more important diseases and pests affecting the species. The report is entirely based on Bulgarian scientific research works and experience with the Robinia preudoacacia. Recommendations for optimizing the use of species are given.
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Counts and sequences, observations that continue to change ourunderstanding of viruses in nature
K. Eric Wommack,Daniel J. Nasko,Jessica Chopyk,Eric G. Sakowski 한국미생물학회 2015 The journal of microbiology Vol.53 No.3
The discovery of abundant viruses in the oceans and on landhas ushered in a quarter century of groundbreaking advancementsin our understanding of viruses within ecosystems. Two types of observations from environmental samples –direct counts of viral particles and viral metagenomic sequences– have been critical to these discoveries. Accuratedirect counts have established ecosystem-scale trends in theimpacts of viral infection on microbial host populations andhave shown that viral communities within aquatic and soilenvironments respond to both short term and seasonal environmentalchange. Direct counts have been critical for estimatingviral production rate, a measurement essential toquantifying the implications of viral infection for the biogeochemicalcycling of nutrients within ecosystems. Whiledirect counts have defined the magnitude of viral processes;shotgun sequences of environmental viral DNA – viromesequences – have enabled researchers to estimate the diversityand composition of natural viral communities. Virome-enabledstudies have found the virioplankton to contain thousandsof viral genotypes in communities where the mostdominant viral population accounts for a small fraction oftotal abundance followed by a long tail of diverse populations. Detailed examination of long virome sequences hasled to new understanding of genotype-to-phenotype connectionswithin marine viruses and revealed that viruses carrymetabolic genes that are important to maintaining cellularenergy during viral replication. Increased access to long viromesequences will undoubtedly reveal more genetic secretsof viruses and enable us to build a genomics rulebook forpredicting key biological and ecological features of unknownviruses.
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