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The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy
Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7
Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.
Jong Woo NAM,Shin Young PARK,Ik Jae CHOI,Young Min SHIN,Il-Kwon KIM 한국응용곤충학회 2015 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.04
An insect faunal survey was carried out to investigate insect community structure along the vegetation community to monitor insect species in forest ecosystem. We performed day and night collections from June to August along three vegetation communities of Is. Nam-hae in 2014: the first stand with Pinus thunbergii, the second P. thunbergii with Quercus serrata and the third P. thunbergii with various Quercus species. In total 2,259 individuals of 532 species, 99 families, 13 orders are identified. Cluster Analyses (CA) showed that all three vegetation communities were relatively similar between vegetation community types. According to indicator species analysis (ISA) result, nine significant indicator species were identified (p < 0.05); five species were found to be affected by the vegetation cluster and four species the month cluster.
소수성 NaY Zeolite의 합성과 탈알루미나의 특성
서동남,하종필,구상모,이해진,김익진 호서대학교 반도체제조장비국산화연구센터 2000 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2000 No.1
NaY형 Zeolite는 현재 그들의 촉매적 특성과 흡착성 그리고 이온 교환성들을 이용하여 산업에 중요하게 사용되어지고 있다. 본 실험은 고온 스팀을 이용한 방법과 산처리에 의한 방법으로 탈알루미나의 효과를 확인하는 실험을 하였다. 먼저 SiO_2/Al_2O_3 몰비가 4∼6인 합성 NaY zeolite를 분위기 소성로에 넣고 증기발생 장치를 이용하여 500℃에서 고온 스팀을 분위기 소성로에서 일정하게 주입하였다. 에에 따른 결과는 탈알루미나 처리 후의 XRF와 BET의 결과로 탈알루미나 처리에 따라서 SiO_2/Al_2O_3의 몰비가 20.6에서 21까지 증가한 것을 알 수 있으며 또한 BET의 결과에서 탈알루미나 처리에 의해서 비표면적이 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있으며 특히 meso pore area의 증가는 탈알루미나에 의해서 zeolite의 골격구조가 일부 파괴되었음을 알 수 있다.
Cr-Mo-V강과 2¼Cr-1Mo강의 피로균열전파에 있어 DCPD방법 적용에 관한 고찰
백남익,류선윤 선문대학교 첨단과학기술연구소 1999 첨단과학기술연구소 논문집 Vol.4 No.-
화력발전소용 turbine rotor 소재로 사용되는 두 가지 종류의 강에 대하여 피로균열 전파과정을 DCPD 법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 새로운 실험장치를 고안하고 피로균열 전파실험을 실시하여 이 실험장치의 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 피로 균열과정을 전압강하법과 동시에 육안으로 관찰하기 위해서 이동식 tele-microscope를 부착하여 전압강하법의 신뢰성을 확인하였다. 연구대상으로 Cr-Mo-V강과 21/4Cr-1Mo강을 택하였으며 전압강하법으로 측정한 피로균열 전파실험을 실시한 결과, 피로하중 조건에 다른 피로균열 전파길이는 전압강하와 전형적인 관계를 보이고 있었으며, 두 가지 재료에 대해 적용이 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 피로균열 전파속도는 가한 피로 응력 세기가 커질수록 증가하였는데 이를 정량화하였고, 과로 주파수에 따른 피로균열 전파속도가 다르게 나타났다.
鐵原地區 自然草地에 대한 群落構造 生産性 再生力 및 土壤肥料學的 硏究
尹益錫,張楠基,金炳泰 건국대학교 1969 學術誌 Vol.10 No.1
The investigation was made on the relationship among vegetation, net productivity, regrowth and soils of Moonheri-Wasoori, Soodowon-Sungilkyo and Mt. Kumhak grasslands in Chulwon area. The following conclusions have been made as the results of study. 1.The vascular flora of the grassland in Moonheri-Wasoori was composed of 102 species, the most of which were Medicago denticulata, Miscanthus sinensis, Arundinella hirta, Festuca ovina and Cassia nomame. 2.The flora of Soodowon-Sungilkyo grassland was composed of 74 species, the most of which were Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus sinensis, Carex nanella, Festuca ovina and Cassia nomame. 3.It of Mt. Kumhak grassland was composed of 78 species, the most of which were Arundinella hirta, Carex nanella, Festuca ovina, Miscanthus sinensis and Aster scaber. 4.These five species contributed greatly to the standing crop of live material which was in excess of 60% of it. 5.The peak standing crop of each 413.7, 307.6 and 348.7 g/m2 in Moonheri-Wasoori, Soodowon-Sungilkyo and Mt. Kumhak grasslands wers reached in August under flooded conditions as a result of the growth of dominant species, Medicago denticulata and Arundinella hirta. 6.The net prodution of organic matter was slight in some intervals but occurred throughout the growing season. 7.After cutting of grasses, the regrowth of new leaves mainly depended on growing stage and edaphic factor. 8.Characteristics of the natural grassland soils, especially, concerning water, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium were clarified and might be depend upon the quantity of plant production. 9.Nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium concentration of leaves of Medicago denticulata, Arundinella hirta and Miscanthus sinensis were higher than of stems. 10.Even if there were differences in the amounts of nutrients amend Medicago denticulata, Arundinella hirta and Miscanthus sinensis for single species and stands, they were covered by variations within spesies in the present survey.
황해익,임재택,김정신,송연숙,이경화,김남희 부산대학교 영유아보육연구소 1998 영유아보육연구 Vol.4 No.-
This study aimed to develop Materials for (The Infant Educare Program) (Dept. of Health & Welfare, 1996). Infant educare Materials were developed through following procedures: 1) analysis of reference and other educare materials 2) content analysis of (The Infant Educare Program) 3) developing materials and 4)testing and revising materials by professionals. Infant educare Materials that developed in this study were constituted of 12 kinds in 5 areas - Materials for management of daycare center, the nursery stories for infants, musical materials for infants, play things for infants, and educational materials for parents. First, materials for management of daycare center were considered various conditions whithin daycare centers and were compased of 2 kinds - diary for educare plan and diskettes for documents. Second, the nursery stories for infants were compased of materials for 3 stages-the weaning stage, the toddling stage, and the independent stage. Similarly, musical materials for infants were composed of 3 stages. And play things for infants were composed of 2 kinds - play things to be easily founded and easily making play things. Finally, educational materials for parents were composed of 2 kinds - guide book for parents education and diskettes for communication with parents. It is needed that persistent attention from professionals in developing and testing materials for infant educare. Also, further educational implications were discussed
만성두통 환자의 성격유형 A 행태, 스트레스, 우울 및 두통영향정도의 관계 연구
차남현,임사비나,정인태,김수영,안경애,김건식,이재동,이상훈,최도영,이윤호,이두익 EAST-WEST MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE KYUNG HEE UNI 2005 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2005 No.-
To examine an estimate factor and grasp the relation of difference for Ype A Behavior Pattern(TABP), Perceived Stress Questionnaire. Depression and HIT-6 in the Chronic headache client. Method: Data collected by self-reported questionnaires from 38 client in S city who were selected by criteria of IHS, from the 19^(th) of October to 10^(th) of December, 2004. Result: 1) Differences between biographical data by TABP was significant by SaSang constitutions, by Stress was significantly influenced by age, and by Depression were significantly influenced health status and SaSang constitutions. 2) Correlations Coefficients among Study Variables were Stress and Depression(r=.494, p=.002) and Depression and HIT-6(r=.432, p=.010). 3) In regression analysis, HIT-6 were significantly influenced by Depression and Type A Behavior Pattern(TABP). These variables explained 38% and 34% respectively. Conclusion: The result suggest that chronic headache management with psychological aspect, as well as physical aspect should be a focus to enhance the quality of life.
자기통제 피드백이 골프 아이언 샷의 수행 및 학습에 미치는 영향
한남익,안정덕 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.6
The purpose of this study was to investigate where a feedback schedule controlled by learner would be a more effective means of delivering feedback than any predetermined feedback schedules. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions : control condition(n=12), yoked condition(n=12) and experimental condition(n=12). Data obtained from all subjects in four acquisition and two retention trials blocks were analyzed with two separate analyses of variance for each of four error scores. Analysis performed on the acquisition trials were a 3×4(condition ×trial block) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on the second factor. The retention trials were a 3×2(condition ×trial block) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on the second factor. Dependent measures were absolute error, variable error, radial error and directional angle error. Analysis on the experiment indicated a significant main effect for the trial blocks during retention phase. The variable error in the retention phase revealed that the second block performed significantly better consistency than the frist block.
趙南勳,朴益秀 순천대학교 공업기술연구소 1988 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.2 No.-
Housing Environment recently has exposed many problems to develop and improve for quality of life. So, It is important to grasp structural characteristics of housing in urban environment for housing development. The autor tries to analysis 40 cities in Korea and facfor analysis is used as a tool. The results of facfor analysis shows the structural characteristics and its disparity, its priority of development for housing environment.
한남익,표내숙,문규진 釜山大學校 師範大學 1995 교사교육연구 Vol.31 No.-
The aim of this study was to investigate how the simple stimuli-response (1-choice) and the choice stimuli-response (2-choice, 4-choice) make an influence on Reaction Time (RT) of the Athletes. Subjects were 8 Athletes (Archery : 4, Soft tennis : 4). Lab Activities Manual with Software were used as an experimental device. Thirty reaction time trials will be administered. On each trial, four circles will be presented on the computer monitor.The subject task is to depress the appropriate key (DFJK) as quickly as possible when the stimuli is illuminated. The experimental data were analysied by Regression and Paired t-test through SPSS/PC+. The experimental results were as followed. The RT increaces by nearly an equal amount each time the number of alternative is doubled(1 to 2 to 4). The relationship between the choice RT and the Logarithm to the base two of the number of stimulus alternative should be so linear. The RT values of Soft-tennis ball group are shown on the faster on the choice stimuli-response than Archery group(P<.05).