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- 저자 : NOWAKOWSKI (검색결과 4 건)
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Sun, Hai,Ma, Chunhui,Kim, Eun Soo,Nowakowski, Gary,Mauer, Erik,Bernitsas, Michael M. Elsevier 2017 RENEWABLE ENERGY Vol.107 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Flow Induced Motions (FIMs) of rigid circular cylinders, and particularly VIV (Vortex Induced Vibrations) and galloping, are induced by alternating lift. The VIVACE (VIV for Aquatic Clean Energy) Converter uses single or multiple cylinders, in tandem, on elastic end-supports, in synergistic FIM, to convert MHK energy to electricity. Selectively distributed surface roughness is applied to enhance FIM and increase efficiency. In this paper, two cylinders are used in tandem with center-to-center spacing of 1.57, 2.0 and 2.57 diameters, harnessing damping ratio 0.00<<I>ζ</I> < 0.24, for Reynolds number 30,000 ≤ <I>Re</I> ≤ 120,000. The virtual spring-damping system V<SUB>ck</SUB> in the Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory (MRELab) enables embedded computer-controlled change of viscous-damping and spring-stiffness for fast and mathematically correct oscillator realization, without including the hydrodynamic force in the closed control loop. Experimental results for oscillatory response, energy harvesting, and efficiency are presented and the envelope of optimal power is derived. All the experiments were conducted in the Low Turbulence Free Surface Water (LTFSW) Channel of the MRELab of the University of Michigan. The main conclusions are: (1) For the tested cylinder spacing, two cylinders harness power is between 2.56 and 13.49 times the power of a single cylinder, the efficiency of two cylinders is between 2.0 and 6.68 of a single cylinder. (2) The MHK power harnessed by the upstream cylinder is increased by up to 100%, affected by the downstream cylinder. (3) The MHK power harnessed by the downstream cylinder and its FIM are affected to a lesser extent by the interaction. (4) VIVACE can harness energy from flows as slow as 0.4 m/s with no upper limit in flow velocity. (5) Close spacing and high spring stiffness yield highest harnessed power. (6) The optimal harnessed power shifts to softer springs as spacing increases.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The effects of tandem spacing, spring stiffness, and damping on power harness by two circular cylinders with passive turbulence control are studied experimentally. </LI> <LI> The Vck based oscillator enables embedded computer-controlled change of viscous-damping and spring-stiffness for precise oscillator modeling and fast parametric testing. </LI> <LI> Amplitude response, frequency response, harnessed power, and efficiency are presented vs. flow velocity with spring stiffness, damping, and spacing as parameters. </LI> <LI> In the galloping range, two cylinders in synergistic flow induced motion can produce more power than the same cylinders in isolation. </LI> <LI> All the experiments were conducted in the TrSL3 (20,000<<I>Re</I><300,000) flow regime. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Stability of Wake-Sleep Cycles Requires Robust Degradation of the PERIOD Protein
D’Alessandro, Matthew,Beesley, Stephen,Kim, Jae Kyoung,Jones, Zachary,Chen, Rongmin,Wi, Julie,Kyle, Kathleen,Vera, Daniel,Pagano, Michele,Nowakowski, Richard,Lee, Choogon Elsevier 2017 Current biology Vol.27 No.22
<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P>Robustness in biology is the stability of phenotype under diverse genetic and/or environmental perturbations. The circadian clock has remarkable stability of period and phase that—unlike other biological oscillators—is maintained over a wide range of conditions. Here, we show that the high fidelity of the circadian system stems from robust degradation of the clock protein PERIOD. We show that PERIOD degradation is regulated by a balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination, and that disruption of this balance can destabilize the clock. In mice with a loss-of-function mutation of the E3 ligase gene <I>β-Trcp2</I>, the balance of PERIOD degradation is perturbed and the clock becomes dramatically unstable, presenting a unique behavioral phenotype unlike other circadian mutant animal models. We believe that our data provide a molecular explanation for how circadian phases, such as wake-sleep onset times, can become unstable in humans, and we present a unique mouse model to study human circadian disorders with unstable circadian rhythm phases.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Nonlinear degradation of PER is required for the robustness of circadian rhythms </LI> <LI> PER degradation is regulated by a balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination </LI> <LI> Disrupting this balance causes irregular wake-sleep cycles in mice </LI> </UL> </P>
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