THI의 의미론적 논법

Nguyen Duc Dan 조선대학교 국제문화연구원 2009 국제문화연구 Vol.2 No.1

After giving a brief review of the different ideas of the Vietnamese linguists about the word THI, the author presents his judgment about this word as the followings: 1. First as all, the word THI is a conjunction in the structure of the complex sentences which indicates the relationship between condition and result. This structure is a kind of cause - effect one which reflects structure of logic statement “a ⇒ b”. So, we could apply the inferences of prepositional logic to recognize the implication of the sentences which includes the word thi. The most useful inferences are: - The inference by Modus ponens (sufficient condition): (MP) ((x ⇒ y) & x) ⇒ y - The inference by Modus tollens (necessery condition): (MP) ((x ⇒ y) & ~y) ⇒ ~x - The inference by Hypothetical Syllogisms: (HS) ((x ⇒ y) & (y ⇒ z)) ⇒ (x ⇒ z) There is a specific inference in some cases of natural languages in general and Vietnamese language in particular: a sufficient condition may be used as a necessary one. Considering this inference as MV, we have: (MV) ((x ⇒ y) & ~x) ⇒ ~y There are modal inferences for MT and MV. That is: (MT₁) ((x ⇒ y) & muốn ~y) ⇒ đừng ~x / không nên x (MT₂) ((x ⇒ y) & cần ~y) ⇒ phải ~x / không thể x (MV₁) ((x ⇒ y) & muốn ~x) ⇒ đừng ~y / không nên y 2. As a follow-up to the inferences, author presents a general method to investigate the implications in the complex sentences which include the structure of “nếu …thì”. After that, with a series examples, the author demonstrates indirect speech acts of these complex sentences as follows: - Vow, promise: ‘Lạy ông bà, chúng con có biết cái ví tiền của ông mật ngang mũi dọc thế nào thì chúng con cú chết một đời cha ba đời con!’ (NCH). (We (I) swear to you, grandpa, grandma, if we knew anything about the money in your wallet, we (I) would die, our kids would die, and our grandkids would die). - Advice: ‘Nếu ngài không ra tranh cử thì còn ai nữa?’ (If you don't want to run for office, then who will?) - Forbiddance, intimidation: ‘Con mà lấy nó thì đừng bao giờ về nhà này nữa. (If you marry him, don't ever come back to this house). - Assessment, appraisement: She loves you unless the sun rises in the West // Giá Ba chăm học, anh ấy đã đậu đại học (If Ba had studied hard, he would have passed the examination to the university). - Affirmation: ‘Nhưng chẳng tin vào bùa thì còn biết làm gì nữa’ (CĐBT, NNT) If you don't believe in amulet what else? - Announcement: ‘Làm vậy thể nào anh cũng sẽ bị ngồi tù đấy' (If you do that, and then definitely you’ll go to jail). - Proposition, requirement: ‘Nếu cậu không giúp mình chuyện này thì đừng coi mình là bạn nữa.’ If you don’t help me this time, then don’t consider me as your best friend. - Refusal: Tôi giúp anh, sếp biết được thì tôi mất việc. (I could help you, but if the boss knew, I would loss my job). 3. The author uses the inferences MP, MT, MV for investigating the pragmatic implication of the pair utterances of conversation. This pragmatic implication “conceals” in the later utterance which includes the word THI and indicates indirect speech acts such as affirmation, assessment, announcement, refusal, advice… Examples: 1) - Can I park my car here? - Yes, if you want to pay a fine 2) - Why did you beat the young brother? - I didn’t beat him because he is good-mannered) - Sao không cho anh ấy mượn tiền? - Giá như anh ấy giúp đỡ những người khác thì tôi đã cho mượn rồi (- Why didn’t you lent the money to him? - If he had helped others, I would have lent the money to him.) 3) - Em không tin chồng em có bồ. Họa có đứa điên thì nó mới theo không anh ta. - Vậy à? Thế mà bây giờ có đứa đang điên đấy. - (I don’t believe my husband is having a girlfriend. Most likely, she is not too crazy to get involved with him for nothing. - Oh, really? Look, who is a crazy one right now?) 4. Idioms with the word THI In conversation, there are utterances expressing speech acts which become the particular language patterns. A first speech act leads to second speech act. Hence, this is a cause-effect relation. Step by step, these patterns become to idioms indicating a specific speech act even though it doesn’t contain specific content. There are some idioms with the word THI that indicate a specific speech act: ‘A thì cũng x’. This is a rejection, a refusal to accept a role or influence (and consequence) of A to make an appearance x. ‘Không A thì cũng B’. This is a assertion that affirms an object having the property A or B (that a few lower than A). “A thì có!”. This is an affirmation. In that A is affirmed and an implicit B (in previous utterance) is rejected. “y thì không”. This is an acceptance. In that, we are agreed with one’s opinion about x although we affirm y is the same as x. ‘A(x) thì A’. This accepts a suggesting to realize A. ‘A thì phải’: This is a predict A. 5. The word THI and operation of division of a set The concept of word THI considering as a operation of division of a set permits us to explain several phenomena in Vietnamese language related to the word thì. In addition, other functions of THI are investigated.

N-doped TiO₂ nanotubes coated with a thin TaO_<i>x</i>N_<i>y</i> layer for photoelectrochemical water splitting: dual bulk and surface modification of photoanodes

Kim, Hyoung-il,Monllor-Satoca, Damiá,n,Kim, Wooyul,Choi, Wonyong The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.8 No.1

<P>TaON is a good photoanode material with a suitable band structure for water splitting as well as coupling with TiO<SUB>2</SUB> for efficient charge separation. However, the synthesis of TaON that requires high temperature nitridation (850 °C) limits the combination with other materials. In this work, we deposited a thin amorphous TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> layer on N-doped TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanotubes (N-TNTs) through low temperature nitridation (500 °C) and demonstrated its successful performance as an efficient photoanode for water-splitting. Since the preparation temperature is low, TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> on N-TNTs has a unique amorphous structure with a smooth thin layer (5 nm). It is proposed that the thin amorphous TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> layer plays dual roles: (i) surface sensitization and/or charge rectification at the heterojunction between the TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> layer and N-TNTs, and (ii) passivation of N-TNT surface trap states to retard the charge recombination. TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> layer-decorated N-TNTs as dual modified TNTs (N-doping in the bulk and TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> overlayer deposition on the surface) have significantly improved both visible (<I>ca.</I> 3.6 times) and UV (<I>ca.</I> 1.8 times) activities for PEC water-splitting as well as the faradaic efficiency (<I>ca.</I> 1.4 times, <I>η</I> = 98%) for H<SUB>2</SUB> production. Making the amorphous TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> layer crystalline at higher temperatures reduced the PEC activity of the hybrid photoanode, in contrast, which indicates that the amorphous TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> layer deposition on N-TNTs through low temperature nitridation (500 °C) is optimized for the PEC activity. A range of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques were systematically employed to investigate the properties of the PEC process.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Thin amorphous TaO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>N<SUB><I>y</I></SUB> layer-coated <I>N</I>-doped TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanotubes successfully serve as a water splitting photoanode. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4ee02169j'> </P>

NGHIÊN CỨU PHƯƠNG ÁN GIẢNG DẠY KỸ NĂNG NGHE ỨNG DỤNG PHIM TRUYỀN HÌNH ‘GIA ĐÌNH LÀ SỐ 1’ (Đối tượng sinh viên HQ học tiếng Việt trung cấp)

Lee Jee-sun,Nguyễn Thị Thu Hà 한국베트남학회 2019 베트남연구 Vol.17 No.1

El rito del sacrificio en Nuestros dioses, texto picto´rico de Saturnino Herra´n

Meji´a Nu´n~ez, Mari´a Guadalupe 서울大學校 스페인中南美硏究所 2007 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.18 No.-

Dentro de la produccio´n picto´rica en el Me´xico de principios del siglo XX, Saturnino Herra´n (1887-1918), originario de Aguascalientes (Me´xico), ha sido considerado por algunos cri´ticos el pionero del muralismo mexicano. Su obra Nuestros dioses contempla representaciones que transcriben un sincretismo en el que se funden elementos religiosos espan~oles y prehispa´nicos, para dar lugar a un espacio en el que los contrarios coexisten. La forma en que se procede en el presente estudio es la siguiente: se analiza el sistema semio´tico del texto, esto es, sus formas de articulacio´n. Para ello se tomara´n en cuenta las particularidades de la materia significante. La imagen plantea, de entrada, cierta jerarquizacio´n de contenidos cuya base primaria, al menos, obedece a mecanismos codiciales muy especi´ficos. Toda funcio´n semio´tica inscrita en un texto guarda relaciones con conocimientos del mundo, es decir, con estructuras exteriores al texto, de manera que es necesario determinar el modo en que tienen lugar los procesos de transcripcio´n de una socialidad y mediaciones que la afectan. Nuestros dioses es una representacio´n picto´rica mexicana de Saturnino Herra´n, en donde los signos ico´nicos de lo indigena y lo hispano constituyen un sincretismo religioso.

On the upper bound of the number of positive roots of a random algebraic equation

Mo, Ko˘n-Sang,Song, Tai-Sung 釜山大學校 師範大學 1992 교사교육연구 Vol.24 No.-

랜덤계수 a_(j) (w) (j=0, 1, …, n)가 종속적 Gaussian 랜덤변수인 랜덤 다항식 F_(n) (z, w)= a_(0) (w)+a₁(w)z+…+ a_(n)(w)zⁿ에서 랜덤 대수방정식 F_(n)(z, w)=0의 양의 근의 수 N_(n)( R^(+) , w)의 상계를 연구하여, Ω가 R^(+) 를 포함하고 F_(n)(z, w)의 정의역에 포함되는 영역일 때 정수 n_(0)와 Borel 집합 Ω_(0)⊂Ω가 존재하여 임의 n>n_(0)와 임의의 w∈Ω- Ω_(0)에 대하여 N_(n)(R^(+), w) ≤α(log lon n)²log n이 성립함을 보였다. 여기서 α는 절대상수이다.

THƯƠNG HIỆU TRUYỀN HÌNH VIỆT NAM TRƯỚC VẤN NẠN TIN GIẢ

Nguyễn Đình Hậu 한국베트남학회 2021 베트남연구 Vol.19 No.2

QUAN NIỆM VỀ NĂNG LỰC NGOẠI NGỮ VÀ VIỆC PHÁT TRIỂN NĂNG LỰC TIẾNG VIỆT CHO HỌC VIÊN NƯỚC NGOÀI

Trần Trọng Nghĩa 한국베트남학회 2020 한국베트남학회 학술대회 Vol.2020 No.09

NÔNG THÔN VIỆT NAM TRONG NỀN KINH TẾ THỊ TRƯỜNG VÀ VẤN ĐỀ GIỮ GÌN ĐẠO ĐỨC, NHÂN CÁCH VIỆT

Nguyễn Phượng 한국베트남학회 2016 베트남연구 Vol.14 No.-

Imazethapyr 유도체의 제초활성에 미치는 3-(N-methyl-N-(X)-치환-phenylaminooxoacetyl) group의 영향

성낙도,김현재,장해성,김대황 충남대학교 생물공학연구소 1993 생물공학연구지 Vol.3 No.-

새로운 25종의 Imazethapyr 유도체, (2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3-(N-methyl-N-(X)치환 -phenylaminooxoacetyl)-5-methylpyridine)들을 합성하여 치환기(X) 변화에 따른 발아 전 후, 피(Echinochla crus-galli.)의 제초활성에 미치는 3-(N-methyl-N-(X)치환 -phenylaminoozoacetyl) group의 영향을 검토한 바, 발아 전보다 발아 후의 제초활성에 더 큰 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 발아 후의 제초활성은 X-치환기의 전자밀게 효과와 입체상수(E_s)에 의존적이었으며 가장 큰 제초활성을 나타내는 화합물로는 bulky(E_s<O)하고 전자밀게 (б<O)가 치환된 화합물, 15(4-t-butyl group)와 20(3,5-dimethyl group)이었다. 그리고 높은 제초활성을 나타낼 것으로 예상되는 화합물의 조건들이 검토되었다. (1993년 9월 18일 접수, 1993년 9월 22일 수리). New twenty five Imazethapyr derivatives, [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminooxoacetyl)-5-methylpyridine] were synthesized. and The quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) between their post-emergence herbicidal activity(pI_50) values in vivo against Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and physicochemical parameters of substituents(X) of 3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminoo-xoacetyl) group have been studied. From the basis on the findings, in case of post-emergence, the activities were dependent on the steric constant(E_s<θ)and electron donating (o<O) effect by subsitituents(X) of 3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)phenylaminooxacetyl) group. Therefore, The most effective compound, 15 (4-t-butyl group) and 20 (3,5-dimethyl group) were examined in this study. And the conditions on the compounds predicted to show higher herbicidal activity were also discussed.

N₂/ CH₄가스비에 따른 Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Nitride 박막의 특성

장홍규(H. K. Jang),김근식(G. S. Kim),황보상우(S. W. Whangbo),이연승(Y. S. Lee),황정남(C. N. Whang),유영조(Y. Z. Yoo),김효근(H. G. Kim) 한국진공학회(ASCT) 1998 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.7 No.3

DC saddle-field-plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition(PECVD) 장치를 이용하여 상온에서 p-type Si (100) 기판위에 hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride [a-C:H(N)]박막을 증착하였다. 원료가스인 CH₄과 N₂의 전체압력은 90 mTorr로 고정하고 N₂/CH₄비를 0에서 4까지 변화하면서 제작한 a-C:H(N) 박막의 미세 구조의 변화를 연구하였다. 진공조의 도달 진공도는 1×10^(-6) Torr이고, 본 실험시 CH₄+N₂가스의 유량은 5 sc㎝으로 고정하고 배기량을 조절하여 진공조의 가스 압력을 90 mTorr로 고정하였으며 기판에 200 V의 직류 bias 전압을 인가하였다. α-step과 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)를 이용한 분석결과 N₂/CH₄비가 0에서 0.5로 증가함에 따라 박막 두께는 4840 Å에서 2600 Å으로 급격히 감소하였으며, 박막내의 탄소에 대한 질소함유량(N/C비)는 N₂/CH₄비가 4일때 최대 0.25로 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 XPS 스펙트럼의 fitting 결과 N₂/CH₄비가 증가할수록 CN결합이 증가하였다. Fourier Transformation Infrared (FT-IR) 분석결과 N₂/CH₄비가 증가함에 따라 박막내의 C-H 결합은 감소하고, N-H, C≡N 결합은 증가하였다. Optical bandgap 측정 결 과 N₂/CH₄비가 0에서 4로 증가함에 따라 a-C:H(N)박막의 bandgap 에너지는 2.53 eV에서 2.3 eV로 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. Hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride[a-C:H(N)] films were deposited on p-type Si(100) at room temperature with substrate bias voltage of 200 V by DC saddle-field plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Effects of the ratio of N₂to CH₄(N₂/CH₄), in the range of 0 and 4 on such properties as optical properties, microstucture, relative fraction of nitrogen and carbon, etc. of the films have been investigated. The thickness of the a-C:H(N) film was abruptly decreased with the addition of nitrogen, but at N₂/CH₄> 0.5, the thickness of the film gradually decreased with the increase of the N₂/CH₄. The ratio of N to C(N/C) of the films was saturated at 0.25 with the increase of N₂/CH₄. N-H, C≡N bonds of the films increased but C-H bond decreased with the increase of N₂/CH₄. Optical band gap energy of the film decreased from 2.53 eV deposited with pure methane to 2.3 eV at the ratio of N₂/CH₄=4.