스코필드 박사의 학문세계

천명선 ( Myung-sun Chun ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 2016 연세의사학 Vol.19 No.1

Frank W. Schofield was an excellent veterinary scientist who produced about 140 academic works during his 50 year career. In 1910 he started his career as a brilliant young scholar graduating with highest honor at Ontario Veterinary College. During the enthusiastic service in Korea he reported the 1918 influenza pandemic in Korea and tired to discover the pathogenic of the Ontario Veterinary College for 35 years. The most well-known academic success was the research on sweet clover, the cause of sudden hemorrhage in cattle with his age 33. This lines of early academic success strengthened the "force of his character" as scientist. After his retirement, Schofield returned resources he created the best results in research. He worked with creativity and did his research beyond disciplines. Schofield``s academic success was based on intellectual curiosity and his faith in solving the problems to help people in difficulties.

농촌 문제로서의 가축전염병 -일제시대 신문에 나타난 구제역-

천명선 ( Myung Sun Chun ) 한국농업사학회 2012 농업사연구 Vol.11 No.1

1930년대 이후 현대사의 혼란과 축산업의 현대화 과정에서 구제역에 대한 농촌사회의 역사적 경험은 잊혀졌으며 이는 최근 한국 사회에서 이슈가 되었던 두 번의 구제역 유행에서 도움을 주지 못했다. 그러나 20세기 초반 한국 내 구제역은 우역 및 탄저와 더불어 가장 중요한 가축전염병 중 하나였다. 당시는 일제 식민지 하에서 일본식 근대 방역 시스템이 도입되면서 방역 제도와 인력이 재정비 된 시기이다. 가축전염병은 축산생산력을 감소시키는 가장 큰 위해 요소이기 때문에 국가적이고 조직적인 관리가 진행되었다. 구제역이 전파력은 강하지만 치사율이 높지 않은 질병임이 잘 알려져 있었기 때문에 가축전염병예방 법규에 법정전염병으로 명기되었음에도 불구하고 강제적인 살처분은 수행되지 않았다. 일본인 수의사들을 중심으로 수행된 근대 방역책은 당시 축우 개량 사업, 농촌 진흥 운동 등과 맞물려 농촌사회에 변화에 적지 않은 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. 가축위생통계와 더불어 신문자료는 촌락 내 전통수의 인력의 재교육, 일본인 수의사와 농촌사회의 마찰, 농촌사회 내 가축방역을 위한 자경단 활동, 축력 농법과 가축전염병의 관계 등에 대한 자료를 제공한다. 또한, 구제역을 비롯한 가축전염병 방역에 대한 일본의 식민지 위생정책의 단면을 보여주기도 한다. 신문자료에 따르면1919년과 1933년의 구제역은 당시 가장 규모가 큰 가축전염병이었으나 발생과 대처방안은 서로 달랐다. 조사된 163개의 신문기사 중 117개가 1933년 구제역 발생에 집중되어있었다. 1919년에는 구제역 발생 규모와 발생지역 면에 있어 가장 심각한 유행이었음에도 불구하고 당시에는 치사율이 높은 우역과탄저가 주요 관심사였으며, 아직 근대 방역조직이 완비되지 않았기 때문에 상대적으로 그 심각성이 부각되지 않았다. 그러나 1933년에는 일본 이출우 검역 중에 구제역이 진단된 것을 계기로 심도 깊은 연구와 전반적인 조사가 이루어지게 된다. 1930년 대 우역과탄저 발생 감소와 일본으로의 이출우 증가추세에서 그 배경을 추측해 볼 수 있다.이처럼 일제시대 구제역 발생 자료를 통해 가축전염병에 대한 대처방안이 원인체의 발견과 수의학의 발전뿐만 아니라 경제적, 제도적, 사회문화적 영향 하에 있었음을 재차 확인할 수 있었다. Foot and mouth disease is not a new epizootic in Korea. However, the whole society panicked about the recent FMD outbreak in 2010/2011. Lack of societal experience and memories of the disease leads to underestimate the social and cultural impact of the disease. To prevent another chaos of animal pandemic it is important to investigate what can be learned from the history. Because over 80% of populations were engaged in agriculture industry, FMD in the early 20th should be investigated as a complex rural issue, not simply as an eradication process of an infectious disease. Sanitary modernity and colonial sanitary policy can also give a clue to analyze the FMD outbreaks in that turbulent era. The colonial Japanese ruling body in Korea strictly controlled livestock diseases in the context of efforts to increase livestock productivity and build a shield against epizootics for Japan. According to the animal disease statistics the major FMD outbreaks occurred in 1919 and in 1933. Although the damage of the first outbreak in 1919 was worse, the second outbreak in 1933 received more attention. 117 out of 163 FMD articles found in three biggest newspapers were concentrated in 1933. It was well informed that FMD was highly contagious but not lethal and most important measure against the disease was restriction of livestock movement. Although the regulation permitted the culling strategy against FMD, the infected animals were not slaughtered, nor vaccinated. Prevention strategy against animal diseases and response of rural community were also different between the two outbreaks. It was caused by the changes in rural economic situation, livestock policy, animal disease prevention laws, cattle exports and quarantine to Japan, and supply of veterinary professionals.

일제강점기 가축전염병의 지리적 분포

천명선(Myung-Sun Chun) 한국문화역사지리학회 2019 문화 역사 지리 Vol.31 No.1

인간은 의도와 필요에 따라 가축을 특정 지역에 배치하고 이동시킨다. 따라서 가축 질병의 지리적 분포는 병원체와 동물, 그리고 인간 행위와 환경의 복합적인 산물이다. 본 연구에서는 일제강점기 한반도 내 가축전염병 분포의 지역별 특성과 각 질병의 특성에 따른 정책적, 사회적 대응 방식에 근거하여, 주요 가축전염병을 국경형 질병(우 역, 구제역, 우폐역), 토착형 질병(탄저, 기종저, 광견병), 유입형 질병(돈역, 계역)으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 이와 같은 가축 질병의 지리적 분포에 근거한 분석은 근대 이후 한반도에서 가축 질병 발생 양상은 병원체의 특성뿐 아니라 방역 정책과 제도는 물론 가축의 도입과 사육, 대중의 반응과 인식을 포함하는 사회문화적 요소를 포함한 것으로 가축 질병의 전파를 해석하는 통합적인 관점을 제공한다. Geographic distribution of livestock diseases is a complex outcome of the interaction between pathogen, animals, humans, and the environment. In this study, geographic distribution of livestock infectious diseases on the Korean Peninsula during the Japanese colonial period was analyzed in the perspective of livestock infectious diseases policy, outbreak and spread of the diseases, and social response. Major livestock infectious diseases were classified into three types; the border type (rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia), endemic type (blackleg, anthrax, and rabies) and invasive type (classic swine fever and chicken plague). A perspective of the geographic distribution of livestock diseases reveals not only the scientific characteristics of pathogens but also the socio-cultural factors such as livestock production, public response, and awareness of livestock diseases.

1918년 한국 내 인플루엔자 유행의 양상과 연구 현황 : 스코필드 박사의 논문을 중심으로

천명선(CHUN Myung-Sun),양일석(YANG Il-Suk) 大韓醫史學會 2007 醫史學 Vol.16 No.2

The article “Pandemic influenza in Korea with special references to its etiology,” published in JAMA in April, 1919 by Dr. Frank William Schofield, is a valuable material reflecting the influenza pandemic situation in 1918 in Korea. It contains the case reports of influenza infected patients and the results of the bacteriological experiments. Dr. Schofield worked as a bacteriology professor in Severance Union Medical College in Seoul from 1916 to 1920. His academic activities are lesser-known than the role of contributor of Korean independent movement. However, he was a remarkable veterinarian and scientist. According to Dr. Schofield, the number of Influenza infected population in Korea in 1918 was supposed to be 4,000,000 to 8,000,000, which corresponds with other resources(6.7 per 1,000 in Gangwon province). Considering the cases which were not registered as influenza infection by misdiagnosis of pneumonia complication the sum should be higher. However, the estimated crude influenza death rate from the reports by the Japanese colonial government was only 2.38(per 1,000). Dr. Schofield and his colleague tried to culture “Pfeiffer Bacillus” from the sputum and blood specimens of patients showing typical influenza symptoms. The bacterium was mistakenly considered as the influenza agent till the virological nature of influenza was discovered in the 1930s. From the results of his study he seemed to agree that “filterable virus” was the influenza agent and the secondary infection of the bacillus caused respiratory symptoms. He also reported on the influenza vaccination during the epidemics. Dr. Schofield’s article confirms that the damage caused by the influenza outbreak in Korea was as great as in other Asian countries or even worse. It also gives information about the researches and education on the etiology and vaccination of influenza based on the germ theory in the medical colleges in Korea, which adopted the western medical educational system in the early 20th century.

조선왕조실록에 나타난 가축기형체에 대한 기록

천명선 ( Myung Sun Chun ) 한국농업사학회 2013 농업사연구 Vol.12 No.1

조선왕조실록은 가축의 질병에 관한 다양한 자료를 담고 있다. 이 자료들은 비록 과학이나 의학적 이론에 근거한 관찰의 기록은 아니지만 질병의 발생과 분포에 대한 대략적인 정보를 제공하기 때문에 가축질병사 연구에 중요한 자료가 된다. 동서양을 막론하고 동물기형에 대한 중세적 해석은 재앙의 상징이나 재이의 예고에 머물러 있다. 본 연구에서는 조선왕조실록 색인 ‘수의학’, ‘생물’, ‘축산’등으로 분류된 약 2000 건의 기사중 196건의 가축 기형체 출산 기록을 분석하였다. 기형체는 그 형태와 특징이 잘 묘사되어 있어 대부분 유형을 구분할 수 있었으며 그 기록은 중종 대에서 영조 대까지 집중되어 있었다. 가장 빈번하게 나타나는 기형체는 결합쌍생체였으며 주요 동물은 소였다. 이밖에도 다지 기형과 무지증 등도 소, 개, 닭, 산양 등에서 관찰되었다. ‘암탉이 변하여 수탉이 된’ 사례와 마찬가지로 가축 기형체 발생에 대한 정치적인 해석은 피할 수 없을 것으로 보인다. 기형발생기록의 절대적인 수나 재위기간 1년당 평균 기록은 명종, 효종, 현종, 숙종 재위기간에 집중되어 있다. 그러나 자연발생률을 고려할 때 그 기록이 과도하게 부풀려졌거나 일어나지 않은 사건을 거짓으로 보고했을 확률은 낮아 보인다. 또한, 실록의 한정된 자료만으로 단언하기는 힘들지만 환경의 영향, 또는 전염병들의 영향으로 특정 시기에 기형체의 발생이 집중되었다고 보기에도 무리가 있다. 또한, 이것이 일반 대중에게 재앙의 상징으로 두려움이나 혼란을 야기했거나 축산 생산성에 위협적인요소였다고 보기도 어렵다. 실록에 기형체 발생을 기록함에 있어 정치적 해석을 경계하는 사례가 언급되어 있기는 하지만 이것이 조선 후기 이후 기형학 또는 발생학의 발전으로 이어지는 과학적 해석에 대한 지원으로 이어지지는 못한 것으로 보인다. Birth defects of humans and animals were not considered as diseases but as natural disaster in the Middle Ages. In this study, 196 cases of animal birth malformations in the Annals of the Choson Dynasty were classified with the modern concept of teratology. 90% of animal birth malformations were classified as conjoined twins. Half of all animal cases belonged to cattle. Cranial duplication of cattle and posterior duplication of chickens were the most frequent cases. Polymelia of cattle, horses and chickens was also found. Occurrence patterns, concentrated during the period from 1500 to 1750, were similar to those of repeated severe weather changes, famine, and epidemics during the same period. This similarity in the occurrence patterns might explain the exceptional increase of birth defects because congenital anomalies could be influenced by environmental factors and contagious diseases. In the Choson dynasty under the influence of Confucian portentology, natural phenomena such as weather, diseases, and earthquakes were signs for maladministration and justified restraining the king`s power. Therefore, the records of animal birth defects in the Annals of the Choson Dynasty have been understood from a political context. However, in spite of a strong relationship to the political situation, the records written and chosen by Confucian historiographers hardly seem to be factious and intentionally exaggerated. Taking the differences in the records` density and the duration of a king`s time on the thrown into account, the incidence rate reported in the Annals of Choson dynasty was not extraordinarily high. The political argues on birth defects of domestic animals in the Middle Ages in Korea did not motivate the scientific development of teratology but limited it to pure political actions.

일제강점기 광견병의 발생과 방역

천명선(CHUN Myung-Sun) 대한의사학회 2018 醫史學 Vol.27 No.3

Rabies became one of the critical zoonoses in the modern urban environment since pet keeping culture became widespread in the Western countries in the 18th century. The sanitary policy against rabies was a forceful tool for the colonial rulers in the 19th century. This study describes the rabies outbreaks in the context of prevention methods, experts’ engagement and the public response to the policies based on the statistics, regulations and newspaper articles on rabies in Korea during the Japanese colonial period. Based on the changes in the rabies policies, this study divides the time period into three phases. First phase (1905-1914) was characterized with the first epizootics investigation in Korea in 1905 and the “Domestic dog control regulation” in 1909, which legitimated elimination of dogs without owners’ name tags. In the second phase (1915-1926), rabies was designated as a reportable disease by the “Act on Prevention of Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases (1915)” and thousands of dogs were slaughtered every year for rabies prevention. In the third phase (1927-1945), vaccination for dogs became a main intervention. From 1927 to 1942, 760,515 dogs were vaccinated. However, the broad scale rabies control projects over these decades did not seem to decrease the outbreaks of rabies because they did not reflect the rabies situation in Korea. Furthermore, the rabies control policy of the Japanese colonial government was criticized by the public for its violence against dogs and humans, for causing conflicts between social classes, and for lack of understanding of traditional human-dog relationship.

조선시대 가축전염병 -개념, 발생 양상 및 방역을 중심으로-

천명선 ( Myung Sun Chun ) 한국농업사학회 2014 농업사연구 Vol.13 No.2

The aim of this study was to analyse the concept of Yeok (epidemic disease) and its outbreaks, diagnosis, etiology, treatment and prevention in the traditional veterinary medicine. The term of U Yeok (infectious disease of cattle) implied unusual outbreaks of endemic or epidemic disease of cattle, which did not distinguish the causes of diseases. Inferring from the epizootic statistics of the early 20th century in Korea, rinderpest, anthrax, blackleg and Foot and mouth disease could be taken in consideration under the term U Yeok. In the veterinary classics the Yeok was differentiated with the terms of On Yeok (infectious disease), Chang Yeok (pestilence), Si Yeok (seasonal epidemics) and Chol Yeok (acute epidemics). In Korea, U Yeok was prevalent throughout the 15-18th centuries. Specifically U Yeok in the 17th century was supposed to have been ‘rinderpest’by the evidence of historical documents, such as rapid spread, seasonal characteristics, simulataneous outbreak with cattle epidemics in Japan. Incidence rate and propotional mortality or case fatility were hard to estimate due to the unaccurate or viased date from the historical documents. It was believed that epidemic diseases were caused by broken macroscopic balance due to the evil spirit, irregular weather change, change of Qi, unclean environment, and overcrowding. Historical documents often reported simultaneous outbreaks of human and animal epidemics after unexpected climate change which could influence Qi of the earth ruling agriculture. Controling and preventing epizootic diseases were considered as the virtue of loving living-beings and benevolent government in the Middle Age in Korea. Epizootic policies were focused on preserving draft animal power and sustaing food supply for people. For treatment of illness, recovering the balance and function of the body of an individual was considered to be is more important than establishing a standard treatment for a specific disease. Therefore herbs and minerals were used to alleviate symptomes of fever, nasal discharge, or anorexia to the infected animals.

근대 우역 개념 및 방역제도의 변화

천명선 ( Myung Sun Chun ),심유정 ( Yu Jeong Sim ) 한국농업사학회 2015 농업사연구 Vol.14 No.1

20세기까지 우역(牛疫, rinderpest)은 동아시아의 경제와 민생을 위협하는 심각한 사회문제였다. 또한, 우역은 전 세계적으로 근대적인 개념의 방역과 검역이 발전하는데 있어 동기를 부여한 질병이기도 하다. 가축위생통계에 따르면 19세기 말까지 전국적으로 위세를 떨치던 우역은 1908년과 1920년의 비교적 대규모 발생을 끝으로 점차 사라졌고 1931년 이후에는 발생이 보고 되지 않았다. 조선 말과 대한제국 시대는 근대적인 방역 제도 인력 양성 제도가 완성되지 않은 혼란의 상태로 전통적 개념의 우역과 근대적 개념의 우역이 혼재되어 있었던 시기이다. 일제강점기 동안 식민지 지배를 바탕으로 한 가축전염병 연구는 종종 찾아볼 수 있으나 이 시기의 연구는 군부(軍部)나 수의(獸醫)조직을 중심으로 이루어지고 있어 농민이나 일반 대중의 인식과 우역의 사회적 영향에 대해서는 미흡한 편이다. 본 연구에서는 대한제국(1897-1910) 시대 대표적인 두 언론 황성신문과 대한매일신보의 우역 관련 기사 총 110건을 분석하여, 우역의 개념, 우역의 발생, 민간의 인식, 정부의 대응, 전문가의 활동 등을 주제별로 정리하였다. 덧붙여 같은 시기 탄저나 구제역의 발생 및 이들 질병에 대한 인식과 대응방안도 함께 비교하였다. 이를 통해 근대적인 가축 전염병의 개념과 병인론이 한국의 대중과 언론을 통해 어떻게 구성 되었는지에 대한 한 단면을 제시하였다. Rinderpest in the Dae-Han Empire (1897-1910) represented modernization of agriculture, veterinary service and quarantine system in Korea. This study aims to demonstrate the changing public perception of cattle plague through analyzing the two main newspaper articles on rinderpest during the first decade of the 20th century. The ambiguous concept of rinderpest was differentiated from anthrax and other epizootic diseases of cattle, although there was still the confusing use of the medical terms. Concepts of germ theory, immune and vaccination were adopted in everyday words without any special education. Rinderpest became more important because it was a barrier against the export live cattle to Japan, which decreased benefit to rural community. Hygiene was one part of the effective ideology to colonize Korea. Modernized Japanese veterinary professionals investigated epizootics in Korea and provided the Dae-Han Empire with informations and workforce for prevention of livestock diseases. They tried to build modernized quarantine system in Korea to prevent rinderpest from the China and Russia to Japan. Although there were efforts to modernize the veterinary and livestock system in private sector in Korea, it was not strong enough to lead the main stream of change.

국내 수의과대학생의 스트레스 경험 연구

김재은,주설아,천명선,이동혁,남상섭,Kim, Jae Eun,Joo, Seola,Chun, Myung-Sun,Lee, Donghyuck,Nahm, Sang-Soep 대한수의학회 2020 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.60 No.2

The quality of a veterinary service depends on the veterinarian's physical and mental health. However, a veterinarian's mental health is generally considered to be more vulnerable than that of other health care professionals. As many veterinary students will enter the veterinary profession in near future, it is necessary to investigate their psychological status. This study examined stressors affecting student life in one veterinary school. Anxiety, depression, and stress levels were assessed using questionnaires and qualitative research techniques. The results obtained from questionnaires showed that the proportion of veterinary students with psychological distress was higher than expected. The major stressors experienced by the veterinary students were academic, economic, and environmental. Qualitative study using a photovoice method revealed that the students in this study felt relatively deprived compared with those in other veterinary schools. In addition, they were distressed by the school environment and limited human relationship. Our results suggest that veterinary school administrators should be aware of students' psychological distress and should undertake systematic improvement in their educational system by altering counseling programs, curricula, and school culture principles.

구제역에 대한 위험 대응에 관한 연구

최은정(Eun Jung Choi),천명선(Myung Sun Chun) 한국농촌사회학회 2015 農村社會 Vol.25 No.1

본 연구는 구제역 위험의 성격을 고찰하고 구제역에 대한 대응행위(거부, 지식, 공감 및 참여)에 미치는 동물요소, 감정, 문화편향, 지식과 지각된 위험, 신뢰, 언론 요소의 영향을 분석하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 구제역은 그간의 동물 질병으로 인한 위험에서 보이지 않는 존재였던 동물을 고통의 주체로 부각시킨 질병이었다. 이로 인해 육류 소비나 지식 공유 뿐 아니라 공감과 참여행위도 별도의 의미 있는 대응행위로 분석될 수 있었다. 특히 공감과 참여의 대응행위에서 가축 사육경험이나 동물에 대한 태도가 유의미한 예측변수가 될 수 있었다. 불안과 분노의 감정은 거부행위와 지식행위에 분노의 감정은 공감과 참여 행위에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 반면에 문화편향과 정책 및 전문가에 대한 신뢰는 거부 행위에 영향을 미치지 못했다. 정책과 전문가에 대한 신뢰, 언론에 대한 관심, 신뢰 및 만족도는 지식행위와 공감 및 참여의 행위에 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구 결과는 2010-2011년 국내에서 발생한 구제역이 농촌사회에만 영향을 미친 것은 아니라, 자연과 동물, 그리고 이들과 관련된 위험을 다루는 방식에 문제를 제기하는데 성공했음을 보여준다. 또한, 가축질병 위험이 특정 축산물의 소비 여부를 결정하는 데만 영향을 미치는 것이 아니라, 우리 사회 전체의 소통과 의식, 축산과 농촌 관련 정책에 대한 지지에도 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 향후 동물 질병으로 인한 위험분석과 사회적 영향을 연구함에 있어 동물에 대한 사회의 인식과 태도 변화를 고려한 다각적인 접근이 필요할 것이다. This study aims to investigate the constructed risk of and risk response to Foot and Mouth disease and to analyze the influencing factors (animal factors, emotion, cultural bias, knowledge, trust, media) on the risk response. Foot and Mouth disease outbreak in 2010-2011 caused a different kind of risk. Concerns about devastation of rural society and value of life were included in the risk frame. Therefore, not only avoiding meat consumption but also information gathering and sharing and participation in animal and environmental activities should be considered as important risk response. The study showed that the avoiding response, knowledge response and participation response were associated with different factors respectively. Experience with animals, attitude toward animals and emotion state facing the risk significantly influenced the risk response, in particular, knowledge response and participation response. Anxiety and anger were associated with the avoiding response and knowledge response, but anger with participation response. Lack of FMD knowledge was associated with avoiding response. Cultural bias and trust did not influence on the knowledge and participation response. The findings of this study suggest that animal related factors should be included in the risk analysis of animal diseases. Because animals are potential members of our society which can share risk environment, not only in the rural community but also in the whole society. Attitude toward animals and empathy for animals can influence risk perception and response related to animals, which can result in changes of risk management and communication in society.