질적 간호 연구 방법 : 문화기술지 a qualitative approach in nursing research

조명옥 연세대학교 간호정책연구소 2003 간호학탐구 Vol.12 No.1

This article aimed to make clear understanding about ethnography as a nursing research method. Ethnography is a research process of learning about people by learning from them. This approach is used by investors to understand and describe why a group of people do what they do. In other words, ethnography is a culture to study culture. Thus, culture is a core concept of ethnography. This approach based on wholistic view of culture, cultural relativism, indigenous and analytic concept of behavior, and comparative view of culture. Ethnography has many research traditions as to the cultural view and specific method: wholistic ethnography, ethnoscience, ethnograpy of communication, or critical ethnography. Notwithstanding such differences, the ethnographic traditions do share many common features. They grounded in a commitment to the first-hand experience and exploration of a particular social or cultural setting on the basis of participant observation. During the inquiring process, an ethnographer create a research design, participate and discover the experiences of a people in the field, explain their experiences, and make text with the indigenous concept of native people and analytic concept of ethnographer. In many clinical field of nursing, whether it is consisted of diverse ethnic group or not, there are cultural differences between client and nurse. If this cultural difference or conflicts are not solved, the efficacy of nursing practice cant be secured. Ethnograpy can served to construct a bridge over the cultural gap between client and nurse.

노인돌봄 행위의 전승에 관한 문화기술적 연구

조명옥 동의대학교 기초과학연구소 2000 基礎科學硏究論文集 Vol.10 No.1

Culture is the patterns of and for human behaviors, and defined norms and rules for the society. Caring behaviors are based on social rules, and they are a cultural phenomenon. Culture has several characteristics, that are learned by socialization, shared with member of society, passed on from era to era. Culture is a dynamic process, that is changing by diffusion of other cultural traits, invention or discovery of new cultural traits, and abandonment of inadequate traits and replacement by more suitable ones. Caring, as a cultural trait, is also changing along with these process. The purpose of this cultural process is social equilibrium and human survival. Nursing is a caring. So, Caring as a culture, is an essential component of human life and nursing practice. Caring is composed of two systems, which are folk and professional caring. The quality of nursing care depends on the harmonious relationship of these two systems. This study is aimed at making a description of the regulating rules for succession of folk caring behaviors for the elderly. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in a agricultural clan in Namwon city, from Jan. 1990 to Feb. 1997. The key informants were 12 elderly individuals. Research data were composed of sociocultural context, research information, and basic data. These data were collected using participation as observer techniques and ethnographic interviews of Spradley. The data were analysed by use of the taxonomic technique, flow and decision, and proxemics. Caring behaviors for the elderly are leaned and passed on by several rules and reinforcement techniques. The desirable behaviors were reinforced by the acknowledgement of caring behaviors and personal or familial dignity using praise and award. The undesirable caring behaviors were controlled with social pressure, cynical expression, extending social and physical distance, excluding person from the village community life, severing kinship, and expelling the family from the village. These rewards and punishments were carried out collectively by all of residents, and the effects were extended from actor to his family, ancestors and descendents. The basic ideas which ruled out these behaviors were: reciprocal retribution, hierarchial, cohesiveness. Results of this study could be a basis for culture-care practice and theory for gerontological nursing. Comparative ethnographic research in the modern urban community would be made useful knowledge for gerontological nursing.

고등학생의 흡연형태에 따른 스트레스 생활사건과 사회적 지지 비교

조명희,오경옥 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1994 충남의대잡지 Vol.21 No.1

This research is a discriptive study to seek out the factors influencing smoking by comparing stress life events and social support on smoking status of the high school students. 382 students are randomly selected among 1400 students at a technical high school in ChungBuk Province as the subjects of this research. The research instrument, Adolescent Life Change Events Questionnaire(ALCEQ) developed by Mendez, Yeaworth, York, and Goodwin(1980), revised by Jeung-Suk Lee and Gil - Ja Jo(1982) and reamended by Hyeon - Kyung Park(1992) is utilized to measure the stress life events. And also the social support questionnaire developed by Norbeck(1981) is used to survey the social support. The period of data collection was eight days from June 16,1993 to June 23 and the data was analyzed with spss - x program. The stress life events and social support on the smoking status was calculated in virtue of the mean score and the standard deviation. One Way ANOVA was utilized to analyze the difference of smoking group, ex-smoking group, and non-smoking group. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The mean score of stress life events experience score was 28.81 and standard deviation 6.32 in the smoker; that of the ex-smoker was 27.64 and standard deviation 5.94 ; and that of the nonsmoker was 26.75 and standard deviation 6.69. The mean score of the stress life events experience score in the smoker was the highest of all. No difference was found among the three groups in the mean score of stress life events experience score(F=4.38, p>.05). 2. The mean score of stress life events score was 95.98 and standard deviation 26.65 in the smoker; that of the ex-smoker was 86.84 and standard deviation 25.44 ; and that of the non-smoker was 83.35 and standard deviation 28.30. The mean score of stress life events score in the smoker was the highest of all. The significant difference was found among the three groups in the mean score of stress life events score(F=9.11, p<.01). 3. The mean score of total functional support was 328.17 and standard deviation 148.73 in the smoker; that of the ex-smoker was 303.61 and standard deviation 138.91 ; and that of the non-smoker was 338.59 and standard deviation 162.55. The mean score of total functional support score in the non-smoker was the highest of all. No difference was found among the three groups in the mean score of total functional support (F=0.83, p>.05). 4. The mean score of total social support network was 132.58 and standard deviation 55.14 in the smoker; that of the ex-smoker was 122.58 and standard deviation 53.15 ; and that of the nonsmoker was 135.26 and standard deviation 58.17. The mean score of total social support network in the non-smoker was the highest of all. No difference was found among the three groups in the mean score of total social support network (F=0.79, p>.05). 5. In the means of scores of total functional support scores by the supporters, no difference was found among the three groups in the case of father, brothers and sisters, seniors, juniors, friends and others. But the significant difference was found among the three groups in the case of mother(F=4.11, P<.01), relatives(F= 7.90, P<.01) and teachers(F=3.26, P<.05). Consequently, stress life events react as an influencing factor of smoking in the high school students. We know that there is difference among smoking group, ex-smoking group, and non-smoking group by supporters. Therefore, in case that the social support is used effectively after relation between stress and smoking is identified more concretely, it is considered that the rate of smoking in the high school students is decreased and their physical, psycholosical harm by the smoking is reduced.

Cisplatin이 1차 감작된 마우스의 IgM 용혈반 형성 세포수와 임파구 증식능에 미치는 영향

표명윤,강명옥,윤희은,주은영 숙명여자대학교 약학연구소 1996 약학논문집-숙명여자대학교 Vol.12 No.-

The effects of cisplatin on the IgM plaque forming cells and the lymphocyte proliferation in primarily sensitized mice were investigated. Cisplatin was i.p. injected with a single low does (0.825, 1.65, 3.3mg/kg, which is 5, 10, 20% of LD_50) to mice. The splenic IgM antibody plaque forming cell (PEC) was assayed after ICR mice had been treated in vivo with a combination of three different doses of Cisplatin at different time (day-2, day+2) plus SRBC(day 0). IgM PFC was significantly increased when drug was injected prior to immunization with SRBC, but it was decreased when administered after SRBC antigen. Splenocytes from mice injected with Cisplation(1.65, 3.3mg/kg) on the 2nd day before the test day were cultured with Con A and LPS. The splenocyte proliferation to Con A mitogen was slightly increased, but to LPS was significantly and markedly increased. It was found that Cisplatin at low dose showed either immunosuppression or immunostimulation, depending on the time of drug-application in relation to antigenic treatment.

活性汚泥 微生物의 分離 및 同定

강명규,배정옥,이기종,이영하 忠南大學校環境問題硏究所 1993 環境硏究 Vol.11 No.-

To investigate the microfloral composition in activated sludge, more than six hundred bacterial and fungal strains isolated from influent sewage, return sludge and aeration tank of an activated sludge sewage treatment plant were identified to the genus level. During the holding period in the aeration tank development of diverse heterotrophic microbial populations occurred and bacterial and fungal numbers in the aeration tank were 10- to 100-fold higher than in the influent sewage and return sludge. A large number of Gram-negative rods, particularly Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Alcaligenes were found to be the dominant genera in the aeration tank. The species of filamentous fungi Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Lepiomitus, and various yeasts were frequently associated with activated sludge. The most commonly found yeast genera were Candida, Geotrichum, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis and Rhodotorula.

협심증이 의심되어 운동부하검사를 받은 여성들의 흉통에 관한 내용분석

최명애,이명선,안경애,임은옥 성인간호학회 2002 성인간호학회지 Vol.14 No.3

Purpose: Experience of chest pain may be different in women from that of men and this discrepancy may cause misdiagnosis of angina contribute to mortality by this disease in women. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of chest pain and responses to the symptoms in women. Method: A content analysis was conducted with interviewed data obtained from women who underwent the treadmill test Result: Seven major categories were identified from this content analysis: attributes of chest pain; accompanied symptoms; precipitating factors; relief strategies; family support; communication with physicians; and effects of chest pain on their lives. Characteristics of pain were described as heaviness, tightness, heating sensation, tearing, and others. Duration and intensity of pain varied in a wide range. Radiating pain presented in 9 patients, and the locations of radiation were throat, neck, shoulder arm and fingers. Women tended not to respond actively to their chest pain, and didn't get appropriate support either from their family or from their physicians when they reported chest pain. Conclusion: Women express non-typical as well as typical patterns of pain when they experience chest pain. Clinicians have to consider the variability of symptoms when they assess women with suspicions of angina.

급성 ST 분절 상승 심근경색증의 표준진료지침 설계

권선옥,김우식,오명기,나종천,이홍기,조욱현,최석구 인제대학교 2006 仁濟醫學 Vol.27 No.-

The use of critical pathways for a variety of clinical conditions has grown rapidly in recent years, particularly pathways for patients with acute myocardial infarction. We intend to determine the impact of a clinical pathway on ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with primary PCI. Low risk STEMI patients (ST elevation >0.1mV in more than 2 limb leads or ST elevation >0.2mV in contiguous precordial lead, chest pain lasting more than 30 min without response to nitroglycerin) will be included. All patients will be also treated medically according to critical pathway. STEMI is one of the common diseases in emergency medicine and so it is necessary to establish realistic treatment guidelines. The use of critical pathways will improve the quality of care.

림프질 전이가 있는 하인두암과 하부식도암의 진단에 활용된 내시경초음파 유도하 Trucut 생검 1예

광명옥,이정환,문정섭,김유선,류수형,총배천,김형훈,김현태 仁濟大學校 白病院 2010 仁濟醫學 Vol.31 No.-

The incidence of double primary cancer is about 10% in all kinds of cancers. Double primary cancer is usually accompanied by gastrointestinal cancer. Esophageal cancer is supposed to be frequently accompanied by squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or the upper respiratory tract, because of such common carcinogens as smoking and alcohol ingestion. Esophageal cancer and hypopharyngeal cancer are usually diagnosed by esophagogastric endoscopy with biopsy. We performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided Trucut biopsy(EUS-TCB) to diagnose a mediastinal mass in a 49 year-old patient, who visited our hospital because of voice change. During procedure, we accidently found enlarged celiac lymph node, and obtained tissue from the mediastinal lymph node and the celiac lymph node. We confirmed double primary cancer of squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus and the hypopharynx via esophagogastric endoscopy.

극자외선 리소그래피에서 마스크 결함에 의한 이미지 특징

유명슬,박승욱,김옥경,오혜근 한양대학교 이학기술연구소 2004 이학기술연구지 Vol.7 No.

본 논문에서는 극자외선(Extreme-Ultraviolet) 리소그래피에서 사용되는 마스크 특성을 알아보았다. EUV 마스크는 Mo 와 Si 이 각각 2-4㎚ 정도의 두께로 쌓이기 때문에 공정상에 결함이 발생할 소지가 다. 전산 모사를 통해 마스크 상에 결함이 없을 때와 여러 가지 결함 조건 이 있을 때 웨이퍼 상에 전사되는 이미지 변화를 알아보았다. 결함의 조건에 의해 이미지 대조비 (Contrast), 폭(Width) 변화가 나타났으며 또한 이미지의 상 일그러짐과 최대 세기 위치 이동을 관찰 할 수 있었다. Simulation has been used to predict aerial images for masks with defect-free multilayer and with defect in multilayer. Mask defects are easily produced in an extreme-ultraviolet lithography mask fabrication process, because 80 Mo/si multilayer films are stacked and each stack is made from 2 to 4㎚. In this case, the multilayer can be stacked with defects and with slightly different heights. It is difficult to achieve an aerial image which is desired. This paper discusses various image properties when there is no defect and when there are different kinds of defects in the multilayer. The results are calculated by using SOLE-EUV of Simga-C. A finite-difference time-domain algorithm is used, and the aerial images caused by defects in the multilayer are also characterized.

호돈의 내러티브 테크닉 : 『주홍글자』에 나타난 현실과 공상의 중립적 영역 A Neutral Territory of the Actual and the Imaginary in The Scarlet Letter

김명옥 한국현대영어영문학회 2000 현대영어영문학 Vol.44 No.1

This paper aims at discussing how effectively and artistically Hawthorne expresses his theory of a Romance whose wold is a neutral territory of the Actual and Imaginary in his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne develops his view of mixture of the Actual and Imaginary in his fiction when he deliberately designs its setting and characters, and uses three main metaphors. In The Scarlet Letter the setting is bounded by both the actual and the imaginary. Hawthorne uses the history of the Puritan society, which gives its fiction a sense of reality. In the Puritan setting, the imaginary is basically built on the superstitious belief or fantasies of the Puritans. Puritans "real" world is mixed with their "really" imaginary belief. The characters like the setting, are bounded by the actual and the imaginary. Each of main characters is a human being in one sense but at the same time he or she is an allegorical type. Among characters, both Hester and Dimmesdale are more real than allegorical, on the other hand, both Chillingworth and Pearl are more allegorical than real. To convey the intermingling of the actual and the imaginary, Hawthorne employs the three metaphors of moonlight, the mirror, and the half-dream very effectively. The metaphor of moonlight, "making every object so minutely visible, yet so unlike a morning or noontide visibility," is "a medium the most suitable for a romance-writer to get acquainted with his illusive guest" as described in "The Custom House." The mirror reflects the physical reality and creates the semblance of the world. The third metaphor, half-dream, is effectively expressed in Hester's fantasy and in Dimmesdale's fantasy. The blending of the actual and the imaginary elicits the ambiguous responses to the work. Ambiguity is conveyed more effectively by the narrative strategy. The narrator plays an ambivalent role. Though the narrator is not a character who takes part in the events directly, he is an important figure throughout the work. Sometimes the narrator is deeply involved in the events of the work that he seems to ask us to feel sympathy for the characters; at other times, he maintains distance from them. Sometimes the narrator makes a direct address to the readers, but at the same time, he does not comment at all on even the crucial moments of the work. Instead he continues to say, "the reader may choose among these theories." After all, the technique of ambiguity presents us an opportunity for choosing one among more than two, though our choice is not easy. The whole vision is open to us. We can respond to the work with variety. It may be fruitful to understand our own ambiguous feelings about this work by placing them in the context of a Romance of a neutral territory of the actual and the imaginary and the ambivalent narrative voice.