The Genetic Constitutions of Complementary Genes Pp and Pb Determine the Purple Color Variation in Pericarps with Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside Depositions in Black Rice

Md Mominur Rahman,이경은,이은선,Mohammad Nurul Matin,이동선,윤정식,김종배,강상구 한국식물학회 2013 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.56 No.1

The purple pericarp color in rice was controlledby two dominant complementary genes, Pb and Pp. Crossingblack rice ‘Heugnambyeo’ variants with three varieties of whitepericarp rice gave a segregation ratio of 9 purple: 3 brown:4 white. The Pp genes were segregated by homozygousPpPp alleles for the dark purple pericarps, heterozygousPppp alleles for the medium and mixed purple pericarps, andhomozygous pppp alleles for either brown or white pericarpswith a 1 PpPp: 2 Pppp: 1 pppp segregation ratio, indicatingthat the Pp allele in rice is incompletely dominant to therecessive pp allele. Among the purple seeds, the amount ofcyanidin-3-O-glucoside was higher in the dark purple seeds(Pb_PpPp) than in the medium purple seeds (Pb_Pppp). Moreover, no cyanidin-3-glucoside was detected in brown(Pb_pppp) or white pericarp seeds (pbpbpppp). Thesefindings indicated that the level of cyanidin-3-glucoside wasdetermined by the copy number of the Pp allele. Furthergenotype investigation of the F3 progeny demonstrated thatthe dominant Pb allele was present in either purple or brownpericarp. A 2-bp (GT) deletion from the DNA sequences ofthe dominant and functional Pb was found in the same DNAsequences of the recessive and non-functional pb allele. These findings suggested that the presence of at least adominant Pb allele was an essential factor for colordevelopment in rice pericarps. In conclusion, the Pp allele inrice is incompletely dominant to the recessive pp allele; thus,the number of dominant Pp alleles determines the concentrationof cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in black rice.

Proteome Analysis and Morphological Characteristics of Purple Pericarp Rice

Mohammad Mominur Rahman,Mohammad Nurul Matin,Saifullah Ahmed Saief,Sang Gu Kang 한국작물학회 2010 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.04

Rice with purple colored pericarp deposit anthocyanin on the seed coat and color accumulation increased rapidly during seed development. The purple color of rice pericarp is genetically determined by the Prp locus. Inheritance of purple pericarp was studied in Prp/ Kumgangbyeo (indica type Korean variety). Pericarp color of the F1 plants was purple and the F2 population of 274 plants segregated into 3 purple: 1 white ratio indicating dominant nature of the purple color. Comparative proteomic approaches using 2-DE were applied to analyze the protein profiles and molecular mechanism of purple color formation in ricepericarp. Results revealed that approximately 1,500protein spots were reproducibly detected in the gels with silver staining across the two biological replicates. Among them, 46 proteins were expressed differentially between purple color pericarp rice and white color pericarp of the wild type rice, in which 28 and 16 protein spots were more than two fold up regulated in the wild type and purple pericarp, respectively. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of nine spots revealed that putative fructokinase,embryo-specific protein and one unknown proteins were abundant in the wild type, whereas, anthocyanidin synthase, putative chloroplast inner envelope protein, and dihydroflavonol reductase were highly abundant in the Prp rice. Results indicated anthocyanidin synthase and/or dihydroflavonol reductase might be involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the purple color formation in the rice pericarp. [This research was supported by the Grant funded by Agricultural R&D Promotion Center, ARPC (IPET project number: 108091-05-1-CG000)].

Allelic Gene Interaction and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Purple Pericarp Trait for Yield Improvement in Black Rice

Md Mominur Rahman(라만 모하마드 모미너),Kyung Eun Lee(이경은),Sang Gu Kang(강상구) 한국생명과학회 2016 생명과학회지 Vol.26 No.6

쌀은 인류가 가장 많이 먹고 있는 주식이다. 최근 백색미, 적색미, 갈색미, 녹색미 그리고 흑색미 등 다양한 품종들이 소비되고 있다. 고농도의 안토시아닌이 함유되어 있는 흑미는 영양가뿐만 아니라 암 발생 예방 효과가 있어 세계적으로 그 소비가 증가되고 있다. 유전학적으로 흑미는 cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)의 합성경로를 조절하는 두 개의 유전자 Pb와 Pp가 관여하는 Purple Pericarp (Prp) 유전형질에 의하여 종자과피의 색이 결정된다. 1921년 Nagai가 흑미의 유전현상을 일으키는 Prp 형질을 보고한 이 후 Prp 형질에 관여하는 유전자들과 그 기능분석에 관한 많은 연구가 보고 되었으나 아직도 많은 부분이 밝혀지지 않았다. 그러나 안토시아닌의 함량이 높은 기능성 흑미의 소비는 증가하고 있는 반면 흑미는 일반 재배 벼에 비하여 상대적인 수확량이 매우 적어 농경제적인 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 흑미 종자가 성숙하는 과정에서 Prp 유전자의 유전현상의 특성과 안토시아닌 합성경로 그리고 수확량에 관한 유전학적 관점에서 내용을 정리하였다. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major cereal crops for consumption by the world’s population. Recently, various colored rice, such as white, red, brown, green, and black rice, have caught the attention of world consumers. The commercial name ‘black rice’ contains a high amount of anthocyanins in pericarp, which increases nutritional value. Moreover, anthocyanin in black rice possesses biomedical properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects in humans. In genetics, black rice has a dominant PURPLE PERICARP (Prp) trait governed by two genes, Pb and Pp, which are involved in the synthesis of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). Since the publication of a report by Nagai at 1921, the genetics and physiological studies of black rice driven by Prp traits are still unable to understand the relevant genes and their roles. However, with the increased demand for anthocyanin-rich black rice as a functional food for human health, it has become urgent to develop highyielding anthocyanin-rich varieties of rice. We explored many years in the genetics of purple pericarp trait, anthocyanin biosynthesis in pericarp during seed development, and, consequently, their products in relation to different physiological and agronomic traits. In this review, we summarized the anthocyanin biosynthesis in pericarp, emphasizing the inheritance pattern of the trait and functions of their products on different physiological and agronomic traits, including the yield of black rice.

Studies on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh including other developing countries

Rahman Md. Mominur,Fahadul Islam,Rahaman Md. Saidur,Nazneen Ahmeda Sultana,Fyrose Fahim Nahian,Muniruddin Ahmed 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2023 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.23 No.3

The outbreak of HIV/AIDS is not yet high in Bangladesh but slowly increasing posing intimidation. The process of this review was carried out to explore the danger of HIV/AIDS to acquaint knowledge about prevention and transmission of HIV, attitudes unto HIV prevention and behaviors utter to HIV/AIDS. As an intervention strategy, provided training and awareness can ensure that the people of a society or country become a source of the correct information and well-educated persons with whom young generation can share sensitive and complicated issues about sexuality. Peer-reviewed articles were identified to use a systematic way to collect databases. A strategy was designed to identify the articles for publishing in the high ranked journals. All the search results from the prominent databases, named Elsevier, Scopus, Springer, PubMed, and Cochrane, were collected as well as all possible copied were abandoned. This article emphasis shed light to government policymakers, NGOs and other social institutions, also inspire them to take special attention to minimize sexual discrimination, sexual misuse and ferocity prior implementing any insurance for the prevention of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh and in developing countries. This study analyzed how girls and women in Bangladesh including developing nations marginalized and victim to HIV/AIDS due to gender discrimination, lack of proper knowledge and awareness and other relevant issues.

Comparative Phenotypic and Physiological Characteristics of Spotted Leaf 6 (spl6) and Brown Leaf Spot2 (bl2) Lesion Mimic Mutants (LMM) in Rice

Mohammad Nurul Matin,Saifullah Ahmed Saief,Mohammad Mominur Rahman,Dong Hoon Lee,강호덕,Dong Sun Lee,강상구 한국분자세포생물학회 2010 Molecules and cells Vol.30 No.6

Spontaneous necrotic lesions were found in a lesion mimic mutant brown leaf spot 2 (bl2) without pathogenic infection. Small spots in the seedlings appeared at the four leaves stage and gradually grew into a large round and black area with a gray center on the leaf surfaces. Lower growth habit and lower agronomic trait values with reduced stature, tiller, and panicle number, as well as lower yield potential were noted in the mutants relative to the trait values of the wild-type plants. Microscopic analysis revealed that mesophyll chloroplast was severely damaged or absent in the spotted area of the mutant leaves. Total chlorophyll content, hydrogen peroxide level, and catalase activity were increased at up to 45 days after germination and were dropped at 60 d in the mutant leaves. However, the total protein contents were reduced slightly with a growth period of up to 45 days and were increased at 60 days after germination. A gradual increment of the total ascorbic acid contents in the mutants were observed with advanced plant age, but increased until 45 days and dropped comparatively at 60 days in the wild-type leaves. Increased gene transcrip-tions of OsPDI and OsGPX1 were noted in the spotted leaves as compared to the non-spotted leaves of the mutant and wild-type leaves, where-as transcripts of OsTPX were transcribed at lower levels in the spotted leaves as compared to the non-spotted leaves. The genetic nature of the bl2 mutant indicated that the F1 plants evidenced the wild-type phenotype and that bl2 was governed by a single recessive gene.

Comparative Characteristics of Two Lesion Mimic Mutants, Brown Leaf Spot 2 (bl2) and Spotted Leaf 6 (spl6) in Rice

Saifullah Ahmed Saief,Mohammad Nurul Matin,Mohammad Mominur Rahman,Sang Gu Kang 한국작물학회 2010 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.04

A comparative phenotypic study between bl2 and spl6 mutant wasperformed to characterize spot formation mechanisms of bl2 mutant. Small spots appeared at the seedling stage in bl2 and later it covered large round areas on the leaves whereas, relatively small red spots in parallel line on both leaf surfaces at late tillering stage were observed in spl6. Vegetative and reproductive growth was reduced due to lesion formation at early age in the mutants. Lower growth habit and agronomic trait value was observed in mutants as compared to wild type plants. Genetic segregation data among F2 population revealed that both mutants are recessive in nature. Mesophyll chloroplast was not found in spotted area which demonstrates the damage of chloroplast cell at spotted area due to cell death. Transmission electron microscopy also confirmed the chloroplast damage. Increased level of total chlorophyll and hydrogen peroxide content were observed till 45 days of growth after transplantation under natural environment and dropped at 60 days. Catalase activity was increased until 45 days and decreased at 60 days whereas very slight level difference in protein content was observed. However, increasing level of total ascorbic acid contents were found in spl6 and bl2 as compared with wild type till 60 days after transplantation. Higher expressions of OsPDI and OsGPX1 in bl2 spotted leaves were found whereas OsTPX expression was very low in the spotted leaf. (This research was supported by the National Research foundation of Korea, Grant 0070065).

Genetic Analysis of Complementary Gene Interactions of Pb and Pp Genes for the Purple Pericarp Trait in Rice

Kyung Eun Lee(이경은),Md Mominur Rahman(라만 모하마드 모미너),Jong Bae Kim(김종배),Sang Gu Kang(강상구) 한국생명과학회 2018 생명과학회지 Vol.28 No.4

벼 자색 종자과피(Purple pericarp, Prp) 형질은 주요 생리활성물질인 안토시아닌 C3G 생성에 관여하며 흑미를 결정하는 주요 유전형질이다. Prp 유전형질을 가진 흑미와 종자과피에 색이 없는 벼를 교배할 경우 그 후대는 검정색, 갈색, 백색이 각각 9:3:4로 분리된다. 1921년 Nagai에 의하여 제시된 바 벼 종자 색의 9:3:4 유전분리비로 인하여 벼 Prp 형질은 유전자의 열성상위(recessive epistasis) 현상으로 해석되었다. 그러나 흑미를 결정하는 Prp 형질은 두 개의 상보적 유전자들의 상호관계(complementary gene interaction)에 의한 것이기도 하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 논란이 발생되는 이유를 설명하기 위하여 두 유전자의 조성이 완전한 이형접합인 Pbpb Pppp 유전자형을 가진 F1 잡종을 만들었다. 이들의 자손은 진한자색(검정), 중간자색, 갈색, 백색 종자이며 각각 3:6:3:4로 분리되었다. 즉, 검정색, 갈색, 백색의 종자가 각각 9:3:4의 비율로 분리된다. 그러나 생화학적인 분석결과 이들은 안토시아닌 중 cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G)가 축적된 검정색 종자와 C3G가 없는 갈색 또는 백색 종자인 두 개의 집단을 분리되며 정확히 9:7의 분리 비를 갖는다. 이 경우 벼 Prp 형질을 갖는 검정쌀 또는 흑미는 전형적인 상보적 유전자의 상호관계에 의한 유전현상이다. 즉, 흑미의 자색 종피 형질 발현에는 Pb 유전자와 Pp 유전자에서 각각 한 개 이상의 우성대립인자의 발현이 필요하다. 그러나 Pb 유전자만 우성대립인자가 존재하는 Pb_ pppp 유전자형의 벼는 C3G를 생성하지 못하고 갈색 종자과피(Brown pericarp, Brp) 형질을 갖게 된다. 즉 갈색쌀는 우성 Pb 유전자의 우성대립인자에 의하여 결정된다. 그러므로 종피색을 결정하는 Prp 형질의 유전양상은 열성상위 현상으로 보이나 흑미의 결정요소인 안토시아닌 C3G의 함유 여부에 관한 유전분석을 시행하면 9:7의 비율로서 전형적인 두 개의 유전자가 모두 관여하는 상보적 유전현상이다. 유전적 정의는 유전자의 최종산물에 의한 물리적 또는 화학적 결정이다. 그러므로 결론하여 검정 쌀의 주요 생리활성물질인 안토시아닌 C3G 생성에 관한 유전현상은 Pb와 Pp 유전자의 상보적 유전자의 상호에 의한 것이다. The Purple pericarp (Prp) trait is a trait often bred for in black rice. Generally, the Prp trait is displayed in the color variations of seeds following the 9:3:4 purple, brown, and white ratio, respectively. The Prp trait is a recessive epistasis of two gene interactions; however, it is caused by the two complementation genes Pb and Pp. Here we present a study of the genetic characteristics of the Prp trait using an F1 hybrid with a Pbpb Pppp genotype. This hybrid generated four seed colors with the following numbers: 3 dark purple, 6 medium purple, 3 brown, and 4 white (or 9 purple, 3 brown, and 4 white). However, further biochemical analysis of the all progenies divided them into two groups. One group had the Pb_ Pp_ allelic constitutions and contained cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) in both the dark purple or medium purple seeds. The other group, however, was absent of C3G in both the brown and white seeds, resulting in a ratio of 9:7, respectively. This segregation revealed the extended Mendelian 9:7 ratios of the complementary gene interactions with a good fitness in χ² analysis. Further analysis revealed that brown seeds with the Pb_ pppp genotype corresponded with a null C3G, indicating that the Brown pericarp trait in rice is caused by a dominant allele of the Pb gene. Therefore, we conclude that the production of C3G is a main phenotype of the black and purple colored rice in the Prp trait, and it is governed by the complementary gene interactions between Pb and Pp genes.

Comparative Phenotypic and Physiological Characteristics of Spotted Leaf 6 (spl6) and Brown Leaf Spot2 (bl2) Lesion Mimic Mutants (LMM) in Rice

Matin, Mohammad Nurul,Saief, Saifullah Ahmed,Rahman, Mohammad Mominur,Lee, Dong-Hoon,Kang, Ho-Duck,Lee, Dong-Sun,Kang, Sang-Gu Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2010 Molecules and cells Vol.30 No.6

Spontaneous necrotic lesions were found in a lesion mimic mutant brown leaf spot 2 (bl2) without pathogenic infection. Small spots in the seedlings appeared at the four leaves stage and gradually grew into a large round and black area with a gray center on the leaf surfaces. Lower growth habit and lower agronomic trait values with reduced stature, tiller, and panicle number, as well as lower yield potential were noted in the mutants relative to the trait values of the wild-type plants. Microscopic analysis revealed that mesophyll chloroplast was severely damaged or absent in the spotted area of the mutant leaves. Total chlorophyll content, hydrogen peroxide level, and catalase activity were increased at up to 45 days after germination and were dropped at 60 d in the mutant leaves. However, the total protein contents were reduced slightly with a growth period of up to 45 days and were increased at 60 days after germination. A gradual increment of the total ascorbic acid contents in the mutants were observed with advanced plant age, but increased until 45 days and dropped comparatively at 60 days in the wild-type leaves. Increased gene transcriptions of OsPDI and OsGPX1 were noted in the spotted leaves as compared to the nons-potted leaves of the mutant and wild-type leaves, whereas transcripts of OsTPX were transcribed at lower levels in the spotted leaves as compared to the non-spotted leaves. The genetic nature of the bl2 mutant indicated that the $F_1$ plants evidenced the wild-type phenotype and that bl2 was governed by a single recessive gene.

Antioxidant and anticancer effect of methanolic extract of Aerva lanata Linn. against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) in vivo

Raihan, Obayed,Brishti, Afrina,Bahar, Entaz,Islam, Forhadul,Rahman, Mominur,Tareq, Syed Mohammed,Hossain, Md. Aslam 경희한의학연구센터 2012 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.12 No.3

The present study was conducted to demonstrate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of methanol extract of the aerial parts of Aerva lanata Linn. In vitro antioxidant potentiality was tested using DPPH radical scavenging test, total phenol and flavonoid content and reducing power determination assays. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in a dose dependentmanner. In vivo anticancer activity was studied against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice by monitoring parameters like tumor weight measurement, survival time and tumor cell growth inhibition. It has been found that the compound at the dose of 40 mg/kg/day (i.p) significantly decreases tumor weight, increases life span and reduces tumor cell growth rate in comparison to those of EAC bearing mice receiving no extract. These results suggest that methanol extract of the aerial parts of Aerva lanata could be a source of natural anticancer and antioxidant compounds. In vitro cytotoxicity of the same extract was also assessed to link the finding with the potent anticancer activity of the experimental extract ($LC_{50}$ less than 50 ${\mu}g/ml$).