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Electing Women to the Japanese Lower House
Miyuki Kubo,Aie-Rie Lee 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2017 Asian Women Vol.33 No.2
Researchers cite the Japanese electoral system as an influential determinant of women’s legislative representation. While there is a broad consensus in the literature that proportional-representational electoral systems create fewer obstacles to women’s representation, we are at a loss to explain how Japan’s mixed system affects the election of women to its Lower House. To the extent that this mixed system combines attributes of both single-member district (SMD) and proportionalrepresentation (PR) tiers, the impact of the mixed system on women’s representation is contingent on how the system works. The key to understanding this mechanism, we contend, lies in political parties’ nomination strategies. We therefore seek to understand whether and/or how the mechanisms of Japan’s electoral system operate to elect women. In this study, we highlight three components of a political party’s election strategy, 1) the allocation of candidates to different types of candidacy, 2) district assignments for SMD candidates, and 3) the placement of candidates on a PR election list. By analyzing six Lower House elections, which took place between 1996 and 2012, we find that the parties’ efforts to strategically coordinate these three components has an impact on the number of women elected to Japan’s Lower House. We also reveal that a high-ranking placement for a female candidate on a closed party list does not necessarily guarantee that she will win a PR seat, because the intertwined nature of the SMD and PR tiers makes outcomes in the SMD tier a prerequisite for winning in the PR tier.
Increasing Poverty in Japan: Social Policy and Public Assistance Program
Miyuki Inaba 한국사회복지학회 2011 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.5 No.2
Until quite recently, the problem of poverty was largely ‘‘invisible’’ in Japan, since the poverty rate wasrelatively low and issues surrounding poverty received little attention. However, the recent financialand economic crisis caused such an increase in the poverty rate that it could no longer be ignored.Whenthe government announced a poverty rate for the first time in 2009 (15.7% for the year 2007), the nationwas shocked. Poverty is now widely discussed and ‘‘visible’’ in Japan, and Japanese policy makers havebeen forced to formulate and implement strategies to help the poor. The contribution of changing internationaland national economic and social conditions to increased poverty, including populationchanges in Japan, is also noted. This paper aims to provide an overview of the poverty situation andthe nature of social policy that addresses poverty. It describes in particular the national public assistanceprogram, which is a major public income-support program and is considered as the ‘last safetynet’ available for the poor in Japan. In conclusion, the paper explores the key problems faced by theprogram and discusses the challenges associated with tackling a dramatic increase in poverty.
The Role of the Present Perfect in Communication: Analysis of American Movies
Miyuki Nambu 영상영어교육학회 2006 영상영어교육 (STEM journal) Vol.7 No.1
This paper focuses on the analysis of the contextualized 502 present perfect expressions from eight American movies with a view to find out the role of the present perfect in communication. The first analysis, the subject use analysis, points out that the present perfect can works in a dual way: it works as a tool of self-disclosure for the speaker and as a tool of understanding speaker's personality makeup for the listener. The second analysis is about what kind of tense follows in the utterance after the present perfect. It turns out that the present perfect is, more often than not, replaced by the present tense, not by the past tense as is often pointed out. In addition, with the statistical result that the speaker and the listener share the present tense almost equally in number, it is possible to conclude that the present perfect has an important role to make a foundation on which both the speaker and the listener can develop a conversation by centering on the present. Consequently, the present perfect has a uniqueness to make it possible for the speaker to lure the listener into the environment of the present-centered communication.
EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY ON A UNIVERSITY CAREER COURSE
Miyuki KIKUCHI 한국직업자격학회 2017 한국직업자격학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10
This study aims to examine how the organizational identity of a university affects the career course. For the purpose, this paper analyzed lesson transcripts from a career course at a university and interviewing students. The findings from the research indicated that this course was designed in accordance with students’ character and the designated mission of the university and students took it for granted that to work as an engineer met the mission of the university. Career education in accordance with an organizational identity might motivate students’ learning and effective in helping students to consider their future occupation. However, this study suggests that too much emphasis upon organizational identity may prevent students’ from pursuing their own values and narrow their visions of the future.