SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE UNITED STATES MORTGAGE LENDING MARKETS : TOWARD SYSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Metzger, John T. HANUL ACADEMY 1999 Global Transformation Toward A Sustainable Civil S Vol.- No.1

ABSTRACTThe globalization of banking is weakening the ties between financial institutions and local communities. Nevertheless, local planners are increasingly relying upon private sources of capital to implement housing and community development strategies. In the United States, financial regulations such as the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Community Reinvestment Act allow planners to study the spatial and social dynamics of mortgage lending markets, and control the growing economic power of the banking industry. This paper outlines the sources and uses of available information on housing credit access, and how planners can apply these regulations to stimulate investment in local communities. Financial regulation creates a context for sustainable development planning.An important goal of planning is to control the spatial pattern of private investment. The development of a sustainable society in an era of global banking will require planners to pro-actively monitor and influence the availability of credit in local communities. In particular, the improvement of housing conditions in developed and underdeveloped countries requires access to credit. Individuals leverage their savings through a down payment to secure long-term amortized financing for homeownership; homeowners can then obtain smaller loans for making structural repairs; and developers leverage their own funds or equity ownership position to finance the construction, acquisition, and rehabilitation of residential property. Barriers to credit access(such as low incomes or racial, gender, and locational discrimination) are among the most important obstacles faced by households seeking affordable, quality dwelling units. Efforts to expand access to housing credit have led to reforms in the lending practices of mainstream financial institutions/ as well as the creation of alternative credit institutions and instruments.This paper is based upon my ongoing research studying housing finance and financial institutions in the cities and metropolitan areas of the United States. I will examine how geographic data on mortgage lending that is collected by government financial regulatory agencies can be utilized for research and policy analysis by planners. The globalization of banking is weakening the ties between financial institutions and local communities. Nevertheless, local planners are increasingly relying upon private sources of capital to implement housing and community development strategies. In the United States, financial regulations such as the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Community Reinvestment Act allow planners to study the spatial and social dynamics of mortgage lending markets, and control the growing economic power of the banking industry. This paper outlines the sources and uses of available information on housing credit access, and how planners can apply these regulations to stimulate investment in local communities. Financial regulation creates a context for sustainable development planning. An important goal of planning is to control the spatial pattern of private investment. The development of a sustainable society in an era of global banking will require planners to pro-actively monitor and influence the availability of credit in local communities. In particular, the improvement of housing conditions in developed and underdeveloped countries requires access to credit. Individuals leverage their savings through a down payment to secure long-term amortized financing for homeownership; homeowners can then obtain smaller loans for making structural repairs; and developers leverage their own funds or equity ownership position to finance the construction, acquisition, and rehabilitation of residential property. Barriers to credit access(such as low incomes or racial, gender, and locational discrimination) are among the most important obstacles faced by households seeking affordable, quality dwelling units. Efforts to expand access to housing credit have led to reforms in the lending practices of mainstream financial institutions/ as well as the creation of alternative credit institutions and instruments. This paper is based upon my ongoing research studying housing finance and financial institutions in the cities and metropolitan areas of the United States. I will examine how geographic data on mortgage lending that is collected by government financial regulatory agencies can be utilized for research and policy analysis by planners.

QUASI-PROXIMITIES AND QUASI-UNIFORMITIES

Metzger, J.M. Department of Mathematics 1971 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.11 No.2

A Comparison of Pectin, Polyphenols, and Phytosterols, Alone or in Combination, to Lovastatin for Reduction of Serum Lipids in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine

Metzger, B.T.,Barnes, D.M.,Reed, J.D. The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.4

Greater than 50% of Americans use some form of a dietary supplement, and a diagnosis of coronary artery disease is associated with higher supplement use. The objective of this study was to compare nutritional supplements (pectin, polyphenols, and phytosterols) to lovastatin to reduce serum cholesterol. Familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) swine received the same amount of basal diet (control) in addition to pectin (30 g/day), polyphenols (20 g/day), phytosterols (6 g/day), and all possible combinations in contrast to lovastatin (3 mg/kg of body weight). The experimental design consisted of 4 weeks of basal diet followed by 4 weeks of basal diet plus the supplement treatment. All of the supplements, except pectin, reduced total cholesterol by an average of $71\;{\pm}\;19\;mg/dL$ in comparison to the control diet ($53\;{\pm}\;20\;mg/dL$) and lovastatin ($143\;{\pm}\;21\;mg/dL$) during the 5.8-week treatment period. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol remained unchanged, while serum triglycerides changed independent of diet. During the 5.8-week treatment period serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was reduced maximally 22%, 19%, 20%, 17%, 18%, and 17% by polyphenols, phytosterols, pectin+polyphenols, pectin+phytosterols, polyphenols+phytosterols, and pectin+polyphenols+phytosterols, respectively, compared to control (8%) and lovastatin (40%). Phytosterols was the most effective supplementation, while both phytosterol and polyphenol supplements enhanced the reduction in LDL-cholesterol of pectin-containing diets. Supplements effectively reduced cholesterol in FH swine by half compared to lovastatin. Results suggest that more research on the use of dietary supplements, alone or in combination with statins, to reduce LDL-cholesterol is justified.

Learning with Many Senses - Multisensorial Teaching Elemental Music Education for All Ages

Barbara Metzger 한국음악교육학회 2016 학술세미나 및 연수회 Vol.2016 No.-

Learning through many senses Elemental Music Pedagogy for 10-12 years

Barbara Metzger 한국음악교육학회 2016 학술세미나 및 연수회 Vol.2016 No.-

A Comparison of Pectin, Polyphenols, and Phytosterols, Alone or in Combination, to Lovastatin for Reduction of Serum Lipids in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine

B.T. Metzger,D.M. Barnes,J.D. Reed 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.4

Greater than 50% of Americans use some form of a dietary supplement, and a diagnosis of coronary artery disease is associated with higher supplement use. The objective of this study was to compare nutritional supplements (pectin, polyphenols, and phytosterols) to lovastatin to reduce serum cholesterol. Familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) swine received the same amount of basal diet (control) in addition to pectin (30g/day), polyphenols (20g/day), phytosterols (6g/day), and all possible combinations in contrast to lovastatin (3mg/kg of body weight). The experimental design consisted of 4 weeks of basal diet followed by 4 weeks of basal diet plus the supplement treatment. All of the supplements, except pectin, reduced total cholesterol by an average of 71±19mg/dL in comparison to the control diet (53±20mg/dL) and lovastatin (143±21mg/dL) during the 5–8-week treatment period. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol remained unchanged, while serum triglycerides changed independent of diet. During the 5–8-week treatment period serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was reduced maximally 22%, 19%, 20%, 17%, 18%, and 17% by polyphenols, phytosterols, pectin+polyphenols, pectin+phytosterols, polyphenols+phytosterols, and pectin+polyphenols+phytosterols, respectively, compared to control (8%) and lovastatin (40%). Phytosterols was the most effective supplementation, while both phytosterol and polyphenol supplements enhanced the reduction in LDL-cholesterol of pectin-containing diets. Supplements effectively reduced cholesterol in FH swine by half compared to lovastatin. Results suggest that more research on the use of dietary supplements, alone or in combination with statins, to reduce LDL-cholesterol is justified.

Turbine Cooling : An Overview and Some Focus Topics

D. E. Metzger,Y. W. Kim,Y. Yu 대한기계학회 1993 International Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Vol.2 No.1

Transitioning from the Posterior Approach to the Direct Anterior Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty

( Cameron M. Metzger ),( Hassan Farooq ),( Jacqueline O. Hur ),( John Hur ) 대한고관절학회 2022 Hip and Pelvis Vol.34 No.4

Purpose: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the direct anterior approach (DAA) is known to have a learning curve. The purpose of this study was to review cases where surgery was performed by an arthroplasty surgeon transitioning from the posterior approach (PA) to the DAA. We hypothesized similar complication rates and improvements in surgical duration over time. Materials and Methods: A review of 2,452 consecutive primary THAs was conducted. Surgical duration, length of stay (LOS), surgical complications, decrease in postoperative day (POD) 1 hemoglobin, transfusion rates, POD 0 and POD 1 pain scores, incision length, leg length discrepancy (LLD), and radiographic cup position were recorded. Results: No differences in surgical duration were observed after the first 50 DAA cases. A shorter LOS was observed for the DAA, and statistical difference was appreciated after the first 100 DAA cases. There were no differences in periprosthetic fractures. A higher rate of infections and hip dislocations were observed with the PA. The PA showed an association with higher transfusion rates without significant difference in POD 1 decrease in hemoglobin over the first 100 DAA cases. Similar POD 0 and POD 1 pain scores with a smaller incision were observed for the first 100 DAA cases. The DAA cohort showed less variation in cup inclination, version, and LLD. Conclusion: DAA is safe and non-inferior in terms of reduced LOS, smaller incision, and less variation in cup position. Fifty DAA cases was noted to be the learning curve required before no differences in duration between approaches were observed.

여호와의 증인과 예수 그리스도 -성경적, 신학적 평가-

Bruce M. Metzger,정정숙 신학지남사 1971 신학지남 Vol.38 No.2

Radiographic Analysis of the Lumbosacral Juncture: Is There a Critical Sacral Angle for Total Disc Replacement?

Rattalerk Arunakul,Melodie Metzger,Linda Kanim,Hyun Bae,Michael Kropf,Rick Delamarter 대한척추외과학회 2017 Asian Spine Journal Vol.11 No.2

Study Design: Retrospective review of a patient cohort through a prospective study. Purpose: To determine whether there are correlations between radiographic measurements, including sacral slope (SS) and pelvic incidence (PI), and self-reported clinical outcomes among single-level L5/S1 ProDisc-L patients. Overview of Literature: The lumbosacral juncture presents unique biomechanical challenges with respect to artificial disc replacement (ADR) because of its orientation and consequential shear loading. Reports of inferior outcomes at L5/S1 compared to those of the outcomes at the levels above, including increased facet joint pain, suggest a relationship with the sacral inclination at L5/S1. Methods: Plain standing lateral radiographs of 71 patients (age, 26–65 years) who underwent ADR at L5/S1 for degenerative disc disease were reviewed. SS and PI were measured based on pretreatment and initial follow-up standing films. Patient’s average adjusted self assessments included the Oswestry disability index and visual analog scale for pain 2 years after ADR. Correlation coefficients were computed to evaluate relationships between radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate multivariate relationships among factors, including radiographic parameters, body mass index (BMI), and clinical outcomes. Results: SS and PI values were obtained from 71 patients. The average SS was 33.3° and average PI was 39.9°. At the 24-month follow-up, no significant correlations (p ≥0.05) were observed between radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes. BMI, age, and sex did not explain any variability in the relationships between clinical outcomes and SS and PI. Conclusions: We reviewed a large range of SS angles and found no associations between SS, PI, or BMI and clinical outcomes after ADR at L5/S1. These preliminary results demonstrate that ADR provided maintainence of pain relief and functional improvement for a wide range of SS angles, suggesting that steeper angles are not a contraindication for ADR.