Cold-induced ginsenosides accumulation is associated with the alteration in DNA methylation and relative gene expression in perennial American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) along with its plant growth and development process

Mengzhen Hao,Yuhang Zhou,Jinhui Zhou,Min Zhang,Kangjiao Yan,Sheng Jiang,Wenshui Wang,Xiaoping Peng,San Zhou 고려인삼학회 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.5

Background: Ginsenosides accumulation responses to temperature are critical to quality formation in cold-dependent American ginseng. However, the studies on cold requirement mechanism relevant to ginsenosides have been limited in this species. Methods: Two experiments were carried out: one was a multivariate linear regression analysis between the ginsenosides accumulation and the environmental conditions of American ginseng from different sites of China and the other was a synchronous determination of ginsenosides accumulation, overall DNA methylation, and relative gene expression in different tissues during different developmental stages of American ginseng after experiencing different cold exposure duration treatments. Results: Results showed that the variation of the contents as well as the yields of total and individual ginsenosides Rg1, Re, and Rb1 in the roots were closely associated with environmental temperature conditions which implied that the cold environment plays a decisive role in the ginsenoside accumulation of American ginseng. Further results showed that there is a cyclically reversible dynamism between methylation and demethylation of DNA in the perennial American ginseng in response to temperature seasonality. And sufficient cold exposure duration in winter caused sufficient DNA demethylation in tender leaves in early spring and then accompanied the high expression of flowering gene PqFT in flowering stages and ginsenosides biosynthesis gene PqDDS in green berry stages successively, and finally, maximum ginsenosides accumulation occurred in the roots of American ginseng. Conclusion: We, therefore, hypothesized that cold-induced DNA methylation changes might regulate relative gene expression involving both plant development and plant secondary metabolites in such cold-dependent perennial plant species.

Does FDI Affect Domestic Employment in OECD Countries?

Mengzhen WANG,Baekryul CHOI 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.12

To verify the employment impact of two-directional FDI, the study analyzes panel data composed of 26 OECD countries from 2006 to 2018 by using the system GMM. Furthermore, we decompose domestic employment into types of industries and skill compositions to identify the heterogeneous employment impact. The results show that inward and outward FDI at lag one period promote domestic employment at the overall level. In terms of workers’ skill levels, lagged inward FDI significantly persistently promotes high-skilled workers’ employment, likewise, the positive employment impact also appears with a time lag in low-skilled labor subgroups. Outward FDI, on the other hand, initially inhibits both high- and low-skilled labor demand, but then changes to a positive effect in the highskilled labor subgroups. Although there is a time difference between inward and outward FDI, it has a significant and positive impact on employment in the manufacturing and service industries. The results indicate that the relationship between manufacturing and service employment is a mutual substitute. To attract international investors, governments should promote a favorable investment climate and maintain stable economic growth. Because low-skilled labor is more susceptible to changes in FDI, policy measures are required to ensure employment stability.

Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: New Evidence from OECD Countries

Wang, Mengzhen(왕몽진),Choi, Baek-ryul(최백렬),He, Yugang(하육강) 전북대학교 산업경제연구소 2021 아태경상저널 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구는 외국인직접투자가 경제성장에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 26개 OECD 국가를 대상으로 2007년부터 2017년까지의 패널 데이터를 사용하여 고정효과모형을 설정하여 분석했다. 기존 연구에서 외국인직접투자 및 경제성장은 아직 불분명한 관계이어서 본 연구에 비교적 최근의 데이터를 사용하여 측정하려 한다. 실증분석 결과로는 외국인직접투자, 국내투자, 인적자본 및 수출은 모두 경제성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 국내투자 및 수출보다 외국인직접투자가 경제성장에 미치는 긍정적인 영향은 비교적 작다고 판단된다. 이외에는 국내저축 및 노동력 변수는 통계적인 의미를 가지지 않음으로 나타났다. 따라서 안정적인 거시경제 환경을 유지하기 위한 정책적인 지원 등을 취함으로써 외국인직접투자 유치에 힘을 기울려야 하며, 수출 촉진 및 국내투자 증대를 장려하는 정책적인 조치도 필요하다. To verify the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in OECD countries, this study adopts a two-way fixed-effect model to analyzes panel data composed of twenty-six OECD countries from 2007 to 2017. The literature based on the relationship of foreign direct investment on economic growth had no consensus. This study uses the latest data to provide strong evidence for the growth effect of foreign direct investment. The empirical results confirm that foreign direct investment, domestic investments, exports, and human capital are positively associated with economic growth. Although, the growth impacts of domestic investments and exports are higher than that of foreign direct investment. It also illustrates that foreign direct investment is one of the important channels to promote economic growth. The findings suggest that policymakers need to create a suitable economic environment, like maintaining macroeconomic stability and reducing the market distortion, to attract foreign direct investment and then provide policy support to increase domestic investments and exports.

주가급락위험이 감사시간과 감사보수에 미치는 영향

주맹정(Mengzhen Zhu),장영(Ying Zhang),고재민(Jaimin Goh) 한국국제회계학회 2021 국제회계연구 Vol.- No.95

[연구목적] 본 연구는 피감기업의 주가급락위험이 높을수록 감사인의 감사시간과 감사보수가 증가되는지 살펴보았다. 주가급락은 경영자가 부정적인 정보를 자본시장에 전달하지 않고 있다가 이 정보가 드러날 때 일시에 발생하는 극단적으로 부정적인 시장 반응이므로, 주가급락 기업의 경우 잠재적으로 정보위험이 높다고 볼 수 있기 때문이다. [연구방법] 본 연구는 두 가지로 측정한 주가급락위험 변수와 금융감독원 전자공시시스템에서 수집한 감사시간과 감사보수 데이터를 사용하여, 2002년부터 2017년까지 유가증권시장에 상장된 7,730개 기업-연도 표본을 구성하고 회귀분석하였다. [연구결과] 첫째, 피감기업의 주가급락위험이 높을수록 당기의 감사시간과 감사보수는 높아지고 있다. 이는 주가급락위험이 높은 기업의 경우 감사인이 감사위험을 높게 평가한다고 해석할 수 있다. 둘째, 이와 같은 결과는 비정상 감사시간과 비정상 감사보수를 이용한 분석에서도 동일하게 나타났다. 셋째, 가설 검증에 포함된 주가급락위험 기간을 과거로 확장하더라도 당기의 감사시간과 감사보수에 동일하게 유의한 영향을 미치고 있으며, 기간별 영향의 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 이는 감사인이 주가급락위험이 높은 피감기업의 감사위험을 단기 뿐 아니라 장기간에 걸쳐 높게 평가한다는 사실을 보여주는 것이다. [연구의 시사점] 본 연구는 감사인이 피감기업의 주가급락 정보를 감사위험 평가에 반영한다는 사실을 보여준 데 의의가 있다. 일반적으로 감사인은 영업활동이나 내부통제구조와 같은 피감기업 특성을 감사위험 평가에 반영하는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 본 연구는 감사인이 직접 확인하지 못하였지만 주식시장에서 부정적으로 평가 받는 피감기업의 간접적인 위험까지 감사시간과 감사보수에 반영된다는 사실을 보여주었다. [Purpose] This study examines whether stock price crash risk increases auditors’ audit hours and audit fees. It is because the stock price crash occurs when firms’ bad news that managers concealed for a substantial period reveal and is considered a high potential information risk. [Methodology] This study analyzes audit hours and audit fees of 7,730 firm-year observations listed on the Korean Stock Exchange (KSE) from 2002 to 2017 and calculates stock price crash risk following Hutton et al.(2009). [Findings] First, audit hours and audit fees are positively associated with stock price crash risk. It means that auditors reflect the stock price crash risk when assessing their audit risk. Second, the above results hold when using abnormal values instead of audit hours and audit fees. Third, the stock price crash risk in the past periods also has a significant effect on the audit hours and audit fees in the current period. This result indicates that auditors also include the stock price crash risk of the past period when appraising audit risk in the current period. [Implications] This study shows that the stock price crash risk of auditee firms affects auditors’ decision-making. It is known that auditors reflect the characteristics of the auditee firms on their audit risk. On the other hand, we find that auditors evaluate the indirect risk of auditee firms such as stock price crashes which is not identified by the auditors and just observed in the stock market as well.

20세기 전반 중국 기독교 음악의 ‘현지화’ 과정 및 그 영향

栗夢真 ( Li Mengzhen ),朱英 ( Zhu Ying ) 한국중국학회 2023 중국학보 Vol.103 No.-

본 연구는 1900~40년대 중국 기독교음악의 현지화와 이것이 중국 근대음악에 미친 영향에 초점을 맞춘다. 1840년 鴉片戰爭 이후 청나라 정부에서 어쩔 수 없이 ‘금교령(禁教令)’을 해제하게 되었고 국가 권력기관의 통제기능도 잃게 되자 중국은 각국 기독교인들의 최전방 포교 대상지가 되었고, 중국 역사에서 네 번째로 큰 대규모의 기독교 전파가 이루어졌다. 20세기 초까지 기독교는 중국에서 이미 매우 광범위한 포교가 이루어지고 있었고, 기독교음악도 교리 전파, 집단 통제의 효과적인 수단이 되어 확산되었다. 기독교의 중국 전파를 빠르게 하기 위해 제임스 허드슨 테일러(James Hudson Taylor, 중국명 대덕생(戴德生))는 1865년 ‘내지회(內地會)’를 설립하여 중국 내륙 선교를 진행하였는데, 이러한 중국 내륙 선교 활동에는 5대 원칙을 세웠다. 그 중에서 “초교파에 국제적이어야 한다”, “선교사는 반드시 내륙으로 들어가야 한다”, “의식주는 완전히 ‘중국화(中國化)’해야 한다”는 세 가지는 중국교회 현지화에 기초를 마련하였다. 이 과정에서 서양 선교사(이들을 통해 양성된 중국인 신도를 포함한다)는 기독교 신앙을 핵심으로 하되, 기존 종교음악의 형식을 기초로 중국의 전통음악 요소, 언어적 특징, 풍습을 받아들이고 흡수하여 중국문화를 융합함으로써 중국 기독교음악의 현지화를 효과적으로 진행하였다. 그와 동시에 중국에서 설립된 본토교회(本色敎會)는 기독교 음악 현지화를 촉진하였다. 이는 중국과 서양 음악이 충돌하며 발생한 문제를 거의 해결하였다. 한편, 중국음악이 ‘신음악(新音樂)’으로 넘어가던 시기, 기독교음악은 중국 근대음악의 형성 및 발전에 매우 큰 영향을 주었다. 그러나 이 시기의 기독교 전파는 제국주의 세력 확장의 수단으로, 정치색이 있을 수 밖에 없었다. 그러므로 제국, 식민지화, 문화적 침략 등은 기독교음악과 중국 근대음악의 관계에 대해 토론하면서 피할 수 없는 주제이다. This article focuses on the localization of Christian music in China in the 1900s and 1940s and its impact on modern Chinese music, which became the frontier for Christian religious figures to expand their territory after the loss of control of the state power when the Qing government was forced to lift the “prohibition of religion” after the Opium War in 1840. There was fourth large-scale spread of Christianity in the history of China. By the beginning of the 20^th century, Christianity had already spread very widely in China, and Christian music, as an effective means and method of doctrinal dissemination and group control, also spread. To accelerate the spread of Christianity in China, James Hudson Taylor (1832-1905) established the “Mainland Society” in 1865 to promote missionary work in the interior of China and proposed five tenets. Three of these tenets, “interdenominational, international, missionaries must go deep into the mainland, and food and living must be completely ‘Chinese',” laid the foundation for the establishment of a localized Chinese church. In this process, the Western missionaries (including the local believers they trained) took the Christian faith as the core and the original religious music form as the basis, accepted and absorbed the local Chinese musical elements, language characteristics, customs and habits, and integrated Chinese music culture, effectively promoting the localization of Christian music in China. At the same time, the establishment of the Bense Church in China directly promoted the development of the localization of Christian music. This seems to have resolved the contradictions arising from the encounter and collision between Chinese and Western music. On the other hand, Christian music positively impacted the formation and development of modern Chinese music during the transition period to “new music” in China. However, considering that the spread of Christianity at this time was still a manifestation of the expansion of imperialist power, it is inevitable that the topics of empire, colonization, and cultural invasion are inescapable in the discussion of the relationship between Christian music and modern Chinese music.

명나라 말 청나라 초 (1600-1700) 기독교음악의 중국 전파

리멍전 ( Li Mengzhen ),주영 ( Zhu Ying ) 전북대학교 예술문화연구소 2023 예술과 문화 Vol.3 No.0

이 연구에서는 명나라 말 청나라 초 중국 내 기독교음악 전파 과정을 정리하면서 이 과정에서 존재 했던 문제를 조명한다. 1557년 기독교가 중국에서 세 번째 전파되면서 종교 전파 수단으로서 기독교음악 역시 중국의 중원(中原) 지역에 들어오게 되었고, 궁중과 민간에도 전파되었다. 기독교음악의 전파 과정에서 서양 선교사들은 서양 악기를 들여왔고, 중국 악사들에게 클라비코드(clavichord)의 연주법 과 서양의 음악이론을 가르쳤다. 그리고 중·서 간의 문화와 언어의 차이를 극복하기 위해 서양 선교사 들이 적응정책을 펼쳤고, 현지 방언을 학습함과 찬송가 번역 등의 형식으로 이 당시 중국 내 기독교 음악을 점차 본토화하였다. 일부 지식인 또는 사대부(士大夫)도 선교사의 음악 활동에 참여하여 서양 선교사와 함께 서적을 번역하고 찬미가를 지었다. 이 시기 기독교음악의 전파는 중국 문인에게 음악적 시야를 넓혀주었지만, 유감스럽게도 기독교의 중국 내 제3차 전파가 끊어진 뒤에는 음악 면에서 후세에 전승되는 음악적 사료가 많이 없다. 이는 이 시기 기독교음악의 전파 방식과 전파 대상 등에 한계가 있기 때문이다. 이 연구에서는 문헌 연구와 사례분석법을 통해 명나라 말 청나라 초 기독교음악이 전파되던 당시의 모습을 재현하였다. 그리고 당시 사회현상 및 문화적 배경에 대한 고찰을 통하여 기독교음악 전파 과정에서 존재한 한계를 분석하였다. This paper aims to sort out the spreading process of Christian music in China in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and tries to point out the existing problems in this process. In 1557, Christianity spread for the third time in Chinese history, and Christian music, as a religious communication medium, was also introduced to the Central Plains of China and spread to the court and the people. Chinese and Western missionaries brought Western instruments and taught Chinese musicians how to play the clavichord and Western music theories. To overcome the obstacles brought by the differences in culture and language to the spread of Christianity, Western missionaries began to adopt adaptation policies and gradually localized Christian music in China by learning dialects and translating hymns. Some intellectuals and scholars also participated in missionary activities, cooperating with Western missionaries in translating books and composing hymns. This spread of Christian music opened the music vision of Chinese literati, but unfortunately, after the interruption of the third Christian spread in China, there are not many music historical materials for the inheritance of later generations. To a certain extent, this is due to the limitations of Christian music in the ways and objects of communication. Using the research methods of literature review and case analysis, this paper examines the early examples of Christian music’s dissemination in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. And through the investigation of the social situation and cultural background, it reveals the limitations of Christian music’s dissemination in the seventeenth century China.

The Effectiveness of Foreign Exchange Intervention: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam

Xingong DING,Mengzhen WANG 한국유통과학회 2022 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.9 No.2

This study uses monthly data from January 2009 to December 2020 to examine the effectiveness of foreign currency intervention and its influence on monetary policy in Vietnam using a Hierarchical Bayesian VAR model. The findings suggest that foreign exchange intervention has little influence on the exchange rate level or exports, but it can significantly minimize exchange rate volatility. As a result, we can demonstrate that the claim that Vietnam is a currency manipulator is false. As well, the forecast error variance decomposition results reveal that interest rate differentials mainly determine the exchange rate level instead of foreign exchange intervention. Moreover, the findings suggest that foreign exchange intervention is not effectively sterilized in Vietnam. Inflation is caused by an increase in international reserves, which leads to an expansion of the money supply and a decrease in interest rates. Although the impact of foreign exchange intervention grows in tandem with the growth of international reserves, if the sterilizing capacity does not improve, rising foreign exchange intervention will instead result in inflation. Finally, we use a rolling window approach to examine the time-varying effect of foreign exchange intervention.

Involvement of Orai1 in tunicamycin-induced endothelial dysfunction

Hui Yang,Yumei Xue,Sujuan Kuang,Mengzhen Zhang,Jinghui Chen,Lin Liu,Zhixin Shan,Qiuxiong Lin,Xiaohong Li,Min Yang,Hui Zhou,Fang Rao,Chunyu Deng 대한약리학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.2

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is mediated by disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis. The store-operated calcium (SOC) channel is the primary Ca2+ channel in non-excitable cells, but its participation in agent-induced ER stress is not clear. In this study, the effects of tunicamycin on Ca2+ influx in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were observed with the fluorescent probe Fluo-4 AM. The effect of tunicamycin on the expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-related proteins BiP and CHOP was assayed by western blotting with or without inhibition of Orai1. Tunicamycin induced endothelial dysfunction by activating ER stress. Orai1 expression and the influx of extracellular Ca2+ in HUVECs were both upregulated during ER stress. The SOC channel inhibitor SKF96365 reversed tunicamycin-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting ER stress. Regulation of tunicamycin-induced ER stress by Orai1 indicates that modification of Orai1 activity may have therapeutic value for conditions with ER stress-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Involvement of Orai1 in tunicamycin-induced endothelial dysfunction

Yang, Hui,Xue, Yumei,Kuang, Sujuan,Zhang, Mengzhen,Chen, Jinghui,Liu, Lin,Shan, Zhixin,Lin, Qiuxiong,Li, Xiaohong,Yang, Min,Zhou, Hui,Rao, Fang,Deng, Chunyu The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.2

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is mediated by disturbance of $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis. The store-operated calcium (SOC) channel is the primary $Ca^{2+}$ channel in non-excitable cells, but its participation in agent-induced ER stress is not clear. In this study, the effects of tunicamycin on $Ca^{2+}$ influx in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were observed with the fluorescent probe Fluo-4 AM. The effect of tunicamycin on the expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-related proteins BiP and CHOP was assayed by western blotting with or without inhibition of Orai1. Tunicamycin induced endothelial dysfunction by activating ER stress. Orai1 expression and the influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in HUVECs were both upregulated during ER stress. The SOC channel inhibitor SKF96365 reversed tunicamycin-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting ER stress. Regulation of tunicamycin-induced ER stress by Orai1 indicates that modification of Orai1 activity may have therapeutic value for conditions with ER stress-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Influences of aggregation behavior of lignin on the microstructure and adsorptive properties of lignin-derived porous carbons by potassium compound activation

Binpeng Zhang,Dongjie Yang,Xueqing Qiu,Yong Qian,Mengzhen Yan,Qiong Li 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.82 No.-

In this work, lignin-derived porous carbon was prepared using alkali lignin (AL) or lignosulfonic acid (LS)as a precursor to reveal the activation effects of potassium compound (KHCO3, K2CO3 and KOH) ontechnical lignin with different degree of aggregation. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation andatomic force microscope testing results showed that KHCO3 had the best activation effect on AL having ahighly aggregated and dense microstructure, thanks to the expansion effect from KHCO3. LS has a highlydispersed and loose microstructure, and KOH had the best activation effect on LS. This is because thestabilizing effect from KOH could avoid excessive destruction of pore structure during carbonization andactivation process. Therefore, the specific surface area of AL-derived porous carbon obtained with KHCO3and LS-derived porous carbon obtained with KOH could reach 2084 and 2770 m2 g 1, while theabsorption capacity could reach 701 and 870 mg g 1 for sulfamethazine respectively. Our result providesa theoretical base for preparing high quality lignin-derived porous carbon adsorbent with different kindsof technical lignin