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Shen, Ting,Yang, Woo Seok,Yi, Young-Su,Sung, Gi-Ho,Rhee, Man Hee,Poo, Haryoung,Kim, Mi-Yeon,Kim, Kyung-Woon,Kim, Jong Heon,Cho, Jae Youl Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-
<P>Andrographolide (AG) is an abundant component of plants of the genus <I>Andrographis </I> and has a number of beneficial properties including neuroprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Despite numerous pharmacological studies, the precise mechanism of AG is still ambiguous. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of AG and its target proteins as they pertain to anti-inflammatory responses. AG suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E<SUB>2</SUB> (PGE<SUB>2</SUB>), as well as the mRNA abundance of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-<I><I>α</I></I>), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and interferon-beta (IFN-<I><I>β</I></I>) in a dose-dependent manner in both lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. AG also substantially ameliorated the symptoms of LPS-induced hepatitis and EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis in mice. Based on the results of luciferase reporter gene assays, kinase assays, and measurement of nuclear levels of transcription factors, the anti-inflammatory effects of AG were found to be clearly mediated by inhibition of both (1) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/activator protein (AP)-1 and (2) I<I><I>κ</I></I>B kinase <I><I>ε</I></I> (IKK<I><I>ε</I></I>)/interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 pathways. In conclusion, we detected a novel molecular signaling pathway by which AG can suppress inflammatory responses. Thus, AG is a promising anti-inflammatory drug with two pharmacological targets.</P>
Shen, Ting,Lee, Jae-Hwi,Park, Myung-Hwan,Lee, Yong-Gyu,Rho, Ho-Sik,Kwak, Yi-Seong,Rhee, Man-Hee,Park, Yung-Chul,Cho, Jae-Youl 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.2
Ginsenoside (G) $Rp_1$ is a ginseng saponin derivative with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which G-$Rp_1$ inhibits inflammatory responses of cells. We did this using a strategy in which DNA constructs containing cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoters were transfected into HEK293 cells. G-$Rp_1$ strongly inhibited the promoter activities of COX-2 and iNOS; it also inhibited lipopolysaccharide induced upregulation of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA levels in RAW264.7 cells. In HEK293 cells G-$Rp_1$ did not suppress TANK binding kinase 1-, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF)-, TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM)-, or activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}$B by the myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88)-induced. However, G-$Rp_1$ strongly suppressed NF-${\kappa}$B activation induced by I${\kappa}$B kinase (IKK)${\beta}$ in HEK293 cells. Consistent with these results, G-$Rp_1$ substantially inhibited IKK${\beta}$-induced phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and p65. These results suggest that G-$Rp_1$ is a novel anti-inflammatory ginsenoside analog that can be used to treat IKK${\beta}$/NF-${\kappa}$B-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Shen, Chang-Zhe,Jun, Hong-Young,Choi, Sung-Ho,Kim, Young-Man,Jung, Eun-Joo,Oh, Gi-Su,Joo, Sung-Jin,Kim, Sung-Hyun,Kim, Il-Kwang Korean Chemical Society 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.12
Black pine barks from the southern region of Korea were extracted using pressurized hot water and the water soluble extracts were then separated in a stepwise fashion using a variety of solvents, column chromatography (CC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activities of each fraction and the active compounds were determined based on the radical scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reductive potential of ferric ion, and total phenol contents. A DPPH test showed that the half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$ value : $6.59{\pm}0.31\;{\mu}g/mL$) of the ethyl acetate fraction (ca. 0.67%) was almost the same as that of the control compounds and inversely proportional to the value of the total phenol contents. The cell viability of the water extracts was confirmed by methyl thiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) with enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and ferulic acid were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction as active compounds and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. The antioxidant activity as value of DPPH of each of the separated compounds was lower than the ethyl acetate fraction, and ferulic acid was the lowest among these compounds.
Chinese EFL Learners’ Interpretation of Temporality in English
( Xiaoping Shen ),( Seung-man Kang ) 21세기영어영문학회 2020 영어영문학21 Vol.33 No.2
This paper delves into some properties of denoting temporality in Chinese in comparison with English and examines how Chinese EFL learners express the temporality of English sentences. For our discussion in this paper, we have conducted a survey of 200 Chinese college students majoring in English. They were asked to translate 12 English sentences into Chinese without adjunctive adverbials exhibiting temporal information. The results of the survey reveal that the subjects employ a variety of grammatical devices such as time adverbials, verbal aspects, future-oriented verbs, and modal verbs to represent temporality. This is mainly attributed to the fact that Chinese is typologically classified as an analytic language in which verbs lack morphological inflection for tense, and is thereby treated as a tenseless language. This in turn will lead to a host of errors in Chinese EFL learners’ language use in English.
조만태(Man Tae Cho),신영균(Young Khun Shen) 한국사회체육학회 2000 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.13 No.-
The purpose of this study was to examine collegian`s Recognition level for openning the Pusan Asian Games. The method of systematic stratified cluster random sampling was taken from among the population of 909 collegians in Pusan. The statistic analysis methods adopted here are a frequence analysis, x^2 test by way of the SPSS Win 7.5 statistic program. The conclusion of this research are as follows: First, Information source based on Pusan Asian Gaines was found to have the highest point in TV. Among the top tasks to be solved in preparation for the Asian Gaines were expanding transportation and communication facilities, improving citizens` consciousness and the creation of comfortable urban environments. Second, Major, school and Interest in sports were found to have a significant different in the attitude of Pusan Asian Games. Third, Major, Interest in sports were found to have a significant different in participation pattern based on Pusan Asian Games. Forth, Gender, age and Interest in sports were found to have a significant different in the determination of viewing opinion based on Pusan Asian Games. Fifth, Gender and major were found to have a significant different in the effect on activation of sports for all based on Pusan Asian Games.
[국제물품운송 및 물류]Development and Transformation of the Free Port of Hong Kong
Jianfa Shen,Yue-man Yeung 한국국제상학회 2004 國際商學 Vol.19 No.1
Hong Kong's territory consists of mainly hilly areas with almost no natural resources. Its major assets are a deep-water harbour and its resourceful population. Hong Kong has been developed as a free port from the very beginning. Currently, Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China. One country, two systems has been practised in Hong Kong since July 1997. The success of Hong Kong as a global city in Asia has much to do with its status of free port and its role in international trade and re-export in the cross-border regional production system. This paper will first examine Hong Kong's free port policy and the government non-intervention approach to the economy. Generally, Hong Kong follows the economic policy of free enterprises and free trade. There are no import tariffs and there is only limited licensing control of a few commodities. In the process of development, Hong Kong has gone through several development stages due to changes in the external and international environment. This paper will examine Hong Kong's development and transformation in the recent decades, its industrialization, de-industrialization and current transformation associated with China's open door policy in 1978, the Asian financial crisis, and the CEPA (closer economic partnership arrangement) between Hong Kong and mainland China.