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The Sequence of Tense in English Revisited
Mean-Young Song 한국영어학학회 2010 영어학연구 Vol.16 No.3
The stative predicate in a sequence-of-tense (SOT) sentence like a past-under-past sentence behaves differently from that in a SOT sentence like a past/present-under-present sentence. The former is interpreted to be ambiguous between a shifted reading and a simultaneous reading, while this is not the case with the latter. This paper is mainly concerned with addressing a semantic analysis of the contrast between the two types of entences. Pointing out some problems with the previous semantic treatments of SOT sentences, this paper proposes that tense be classified as an indexical tense evaluated relative to the utterance time and a vacuous tense which has no meaning. The indexical tense is licensed at LF just in case it is governed by the complement C with [+coincide], whereas the vacuous tense is licensed just in case it is governed by the embedded C with [-coincide]. After observing stative predicates are involved in establishing either a precedence relation or an overlap relation, this paper aruges that the property is active when the stative predicate combines with the vacuous tense, but it remains inactive when it combines with the indexical tense. This may assist in understanding why both a shifted reading and a simultaneous reading are available in a past-under-past sentence with a stative predicate in it, and why this is not the case with a past/present-under-present sentence with a stative predicate.
장정욱,박춘식,류민영 국립7개대학공동논문집간행위원회 2003 공업기술연구 Vol.3 No.-
This study performed the consolidation analysis on soft ground that had been embanked step by step. The analysis adopted the Cam-Clay model(elasto-plastic model) and the Sekiguchi-Ohta model(elasto-viscoplastic model). The result was compared with the result of one dimensional consolidation calculation and the measured value. The conclusions are presented in the following. (1) Both the elasto-plastic model and the elasto-viscoplastic model showed less amount of settlement than the measured value in the early stages of the analysis, whereas the amount of settlement approximated to the measured value in the later stages. It was also found that the elasto-viscoplastic model approximated to the measured value more closely. (2) The result of one dimensional consolidation calculation tended to be generally less than the measured value, and showed greater differences from the results of the elasto-plastic model and elasto-viscoplastic model as stages became later. (3) The exclusion of viscosity seems to be the reason why the amount of settlement in the Cam-Clay model was less than that in the Sekiguchi-Ohta model. (4) It is assumed that application of the Sekiguchi-Ohta model to the step-by-step embankment field would contribute to predictions for long-term settlement.
A Semantics of Sequence of Tense without a Sequence-of-tense Rule
( Mean-young Song ) 한국언어정보학회 2000 언어와 정보 Vol.4 No.2
I argue in this paper that the sequence-of-tense (SOT) phenomenon can be accounted for without positing a SOT rule, focusing on the contrast between the past-under-past sentences which lead to ambiguity and those sentences which do not. The different interpretation of past-under-past sentences depends on whether the stative or the non-stative predicates occur in the complement clauses in the propositional attitude verbs. Based on this, I also argue that the embedded past tense does not contribute to the semantics of past-under-past sentences; hence the contrast is not due to the presence of the past tense in the complement clause. Instead, it is due to the occurrence of the stative or non-stative predicates in the complement clauses. The stative predicates are associated with the temporal precedence or the overlap relation, whereas the non-stative predicates the precedence relation only. This fact triggers the contrast in past-under-past sentences. (Korea University)
Where Do the Resultative/Current Relevant States Come from in the English Perfect?
( Mean-young Song ) 한국언어정보학회 2000 언어와 정보 Vol.4 No.1
In this paper, I explore the semantic interpretation of the English present perfect by arguing that the perfect is analogous to modals in its interpretation. The perfect produces several different readings, i.e., the resultative and the current relevant reading, to mention a few. Despite this, the meaning of the perfect remains invariable in sentences where it occurs. Instead, the semantic variability of the perfect is due to the nature of the conversational background. This indicates that just as modals are context-dependent, so is the perfect, which inspires a modal-based approach to the semantics of the perfect. By incorporating such an approach into its semantic analysis, we can present a unified account of the different meanings of the perfect. (Korea Unicersity)
Epistemic Necessity Modality and Presupposition
Mean-Young Song 한국영어학학회 2011 영어학연구 Vol.17 No.3
Necessity modality is semantically characterized by the fact that it is involved in universal quantification. This paper points out some problems that might arise from this: weak necessity modals do not respect the semantics of necessity modals. This is because according to the traditional treatment of the modal, the set of worlds in which the strong necessity modal is assessed is predicted to include the set of worlds in which the weak modal is assessed. To remedy this, this paper argues that strong and weak necessity modals have their own set of worlds which are determined by the respective presupposition triggered by them, and universally quantify over each of their own possible worlds.
Semantic Analogy between Tense and Indefinite NPs
Mean-Young Song 한국영어학학회 2013 영어학연구 Vol.19 No.3
This paper argues that there is an analogy between the interpretation of indefinite NPs and that of tense because just as indefinites are interpreted referentially or non-referentially, so is tense, and that tense can be semantically treated in much the same way the indefinite NPs are. The crucial factor in determining whether an indefinite NP receives a referential and a non-referential reading is the availability of presupposition that there is an individual the speaker has in her mind at the utterance time who is picked out by that indefinite NP. In the same manner, tense can be interpreted referentially or non-referentially, depending on the availability of the presupposition that the speaker has a certain or specific interval in her mind that is picked out by that tense. By incorporating presupposition into the semantics of tense, this paper clearly demonstrates how the ambiguity of tense is resolved.
The Semantics of Hearsay Evidentials in Propositional Attitude Constructions
Mean Young Song 현대문법학회 2014 현대문법연구 Vol.81 No.-
This paper argues that neither the classical semantic treatment of the propositional attitudes (Hinttikka 1969) nor the previous semantic analyses of the hearsay or reprotative evidentials fit into the semantics of the English hearsay evidentials. This is mainly because not only is the notion of the compatibility that is employed in the semantics of propositional attitudes inappropriate for that of hearsay evidentiality, but they can be interpreted to convey an assertion, in which the speaker commits to the truth of the embedded proposition, and a proffering, in which the speaker does not. In order to account for the different interpretations, this paper develops an analysis of the English hearsay evidential, which is along the lines of that proposed by Krazter (1991), by positing different ordering sources for each of the interpretations. The introduction of the different ordering sources into the semantics of the hearsay evidentials plays the role of indicating whether or not the speaker commits to the truth of the proposition expressed by the embedded clause.