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A Cross-Cultural Examination of Breath and Sound Production in Pansori
McAllister-Viel, T. 한국예술종합학교 연극원 2000 화술 자료집 Vol.1 No.-
요컨대, 판소리와 서구의 무대발성법은 서구훈련의 호흠의 "중심잡기" (링클레이터와 베리의 방법)와 비교되는 유사한 호흡법과 "단전"으로부터 올라오는 "통성"이라는 유사한 발성을 하는 것으로 보인다. 그들은 내쉬기 방법은 다르지만 유사한 들이쉬기 방법을 쓰고 있다. 내쉬는 숨을 소리로 전환할 때 판소리와 서구발성법의 차이는 긴장의 이용, 공명통, 바람직한 음역, 각 문화의 미학에서 오는 것으로 보인다. 판소리의 미학은 발성훈련(산중훈련)과 공연(후두발성)에 영향을 주면서 "소리"의 바람직한 "굵은 목소리"를 낳는다. "소리"를 내는 과정에서 개발된 소리의 단절은 흉성과 두성 사이의 공간을 이용해서 가슴 아픈, 슬픈 화성을 내는데 이용된다. 판소리 연회자에게 있어 훈련 중에 하게 되는 "무리한 발성"은 인물창조와 감정의 발성폭을 방해하는 것이 아니라 오히려 그것을 돕는 목소리의 단련과정으로 간주된다. 판소리에 있어 소리의 아름다움은 긴장에서 오지만 서구 연기자들에게 있어 긴장은 풍부한 공명음을 내는데 필요한 진동음을 "죽인다". (링클레이터, 41) 박이 지적하고 있듯이 "가창예술로서의 판소리는, 서구의 고전적인 성악이 자체의 미학을 드러내려고 노력하는 것과 마찬가지로 판소리의 발성법으로 그 자신만의 고유한 미학을 충실하게 해석하려고 노력한다는 점에서 유일한 예는 아니다. (266)" 호흡과 발성 분야(음의 고저, 음색, 조음점, 공명)의 판소리의 훈련방법을 서구인에게 익숙한 발성훈련의 "용어"로 번역함으로써 서구인들이 이 한국의 전통예술형태를 좀 더 잘 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 그러면 한국배우와 서구배우 모두, 문화간의 상호영향과 교류를 의미하는 발성법에 대한 다문화 접근으로부터 도움을 받을 수 있을 것이다. 발성용어를 "번역"할 때, 서구인들은 다른 문화에서 중요시되는 발성훈련법을 폄하하지 않는 용어로 "번역"될 필요가 있는 "무리한 발성" 같은 용어를 쓰지 않도록 조심해야 한다. 호흡과 발성의 다문화적인 접근방식을 모색하고 있는 한국예술종합학교의 노력은 동서의 방법론을 통합하고자 하는 다른 발성훈련 프로그램의 청사진이 될 수도 있을 것이다. The goal of this article is to compare and contrast breath and sound produciton techniques used by contemporary Pansori artists with breath and sound production techniques used by contemporary Western actors, specifically the Western vocla training techniques of Kristin Linklater and Cicely Berry. It is the author's intent to support the intercultural exploration of both techniques already in progress at such esteemed institutions of higher learning as The Koran National University of Arts in Seoul, Korea. The rise of Linklater/Berry techniques within the Korean professional theatre community prompted this author to focus on Linklater and Berry as representatives of Western vocla training techniques. Teh Korean National University of the Arts has employed both methodologies in training undergraduate and graduate actors enrooled in the School of Drama. Also, Cicely Berry has taught voice workshops for the past two years in Seoul, Korea, invited by the Seoul International Theatre Festival. Thus, Berry's work and Western vocal training techniques are becoming familiar to professional Korean actors who may not be students or alumni of The Korean National University of Arts. Of the many notable Korean traditional vocal art forms, the author chose to focus on Pansori in part because undergraduate and graduate actors at The Korean National University of Arts are currently required to take both Pansori vacal training and Western vocal training techniques simultaneously. This creates the unique opportunity to examine the intercultural exchange that can occur by creating an environment of transference. In order for Westerners to understand and appreciate Pansori, the author has used contemporary Western vocal training vocabylary to "translate" the breath and sound produciton of pansori into terms which Western theatre voice professionals would be familiar. While "translating", the author realized that certain Western terms did not adequately describe pansori vocal technique and sometimes colored the methodology in a negative light. As a result, the author made an effort to divest the judgment from the Western terminology and emphasize the different value system by which each training methodology fulfills it's artistic and cultural aesthetic. The introduciton is designed to give Western readers a historical understanding of pansori and its cultural importance to Korea. It also informs the Western reader of the general form and content of pansori performance. Next, the paper details pansori traditional and contemporary vocal training techniques, including mountain training, and compares this methodology with the historic and contemporary use fo vocal training techniques in the West. The paper then compares the breath (inhalation and exhalation), pitch range, and resonation differences between pansori and Linklater/Berry contrasting the different ways in which both methodologies approach tension in breath and sound production. The paper concludes by emphasizing the author's sincere hope that both Korean and Western cultures will benefit from the pioneering efforts of The Korean National University of the Arts and Korean professional theatre artists as they strive to cultivate the literal voice of Korea in vocla training methodology.
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Effects of Micronization on the In situ and In vitro Digestion of Cereal Grains
McAllister, T.A.,Sultana, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.7
The effects of micronization on in situ and in vitro nutrient disappearances of wheat, barley and corn were investigated in a series of experiments. In Experiment 1, chemical composition and in situ dry matter disappearance (DMD) of six varieties of wheat were determined. In addition, an in vitro study was completed using ground micronized and unmicronized wheat (var. Kansas). In Experiment 2, three varieties of wheat (Kansas, Sceptre and Laura) and in Experiment 3, three cereal grains (wheat, barley and corn) were either micronized for 1 min to attain internal kernel temperatures of 90-100$^{\circ}C$ or not (controls), and DM, protein and starch disappearances were estimated. In Experiment 2, an in vitro study was also completed using ground micronized and unmicronized wheat (var. Kansas). Wheat samples varied with respect to crude protein (10.0-21.2%), starch (61.6-73.9%), NDF (8.5-11.8%), volume weight (753-842 g/L) and kernel hardness (0.0-32.0). Rate (p = 0.003) and extent (p = 0.001) of in situ DMD differed among wheat varieties. Correlations between in situ kinetics, and chemical and physical properties of wheat varieties showed that protein content was negatively correlated with the rate of disappearance ($r^2$ = -0.77). Micronization of all grains markedly reduced (p = 0.001) the rate and extent of DM, and protein disappearances as compared to control samples. Micronization increased (p<0.05) the digestion of starch in wheat. However, release of ammonia into the incubation medium was markedly reduced (p<0.05), suggesting that micronization increased the resistance of protein to microbial digestion. Disappearances of DM, protein and starch differed (p = 0.001) among cereal grains with wheat>barley>corn. Micronization reduced the rate of DM disappearance (p = 0.011) and slowly degradable protein fractions (p = 0.03), however, increased (p = 0.004) slowly degradable starch fractions of all three cereals. Examination of in situ samples by scanning electron microscopy confirmed that microbial colonization focused on starch granules in micronized grains, and that the protein matrix exhibited resistance to microbial colonization. These results suggest that micronization may be used to increase the ruminal escape value of protein in cereal grains, but may lead to increased starch digestion if grains are finely ground.
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A REVIEW OF THE MICROBIAL DIGESTION OF FEED PARTICLES IN THE RUMEN
McAllister, T.A.,Bae, H.D.,Yanke, L.J.,Cheng, K.J.,Ha, J.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1994 Animal Bioscience Vol.7 No.3
Microbial digestion of feed in the rumen involves a sequential attack culminating in the formation of fermentation products and microbial cells that can be utilized by the host animal. Most feeds are protected by a cuticular layer which is in effect a microbial barrier that must be penetrated or circumvented for digestion to proceed. Microorganisms gain access to digestible inner plant tissues through damage to the cuticle, or via natural cell openings (e.g., stomata) and commence digestion from within the feed particles. Primary colonizing bacteria adhere to specific substrates, divide to form sister cells and the resultant microcolonies release soluble substrates which attract additional microorganisms to the digestion site. These newly attracted microorganisms associate with primary colonizers to form complex multi-species consortia. Within the consortia, microorganisms combine their metabolic activities to produce the diversity of enzymes required to digest complex substrates (e.g., cellulose, starch, protein) which comprise plant tissues. Feed characteristics that inhibit the microbial processes of penetration, colonization and consortia formation can have a profound effect on the rate and extent of feed digestion in the rumen. Strategies such as feed processing or plant breeding which are aimed at manipulating feed digestion must be based on an understanding of these basic microbial processes and their concerted roles in feed digestion in the rumen.
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Multi Modality Imaging Features of Cardiac Myxoma
Brylie J. McAllister 한국심초음파학회 2020 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.28 No.4
Primary cardiac neoplasms are rare entities of which approximately 75% are benign and the remaining 25% malignant. Myxomas are the most common benign primary cardiac tumor (30%) and most commonly arise in the left atrium from the interatrial septum at the fossa ovalis. However, they also can originate in any cardiac chamber. Clinical presentation and patient symptomatology are determined by size, location, and mobility of the myxoma. This review will discuss the clinical presentation, natural history, pathology, and multimodality imaging features of cardiac myxomas.
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