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Sungrim Moon,Bridget McInnes,Genevieve B. Melton 대한의료정보학회 2015 Healthcare Informatics Research Vol.21 No.1
Objectives: Although acronyms and abbreviations in clinical text are used widely on a daily basis, relatively little researchhas focused upon word sense disambiguation (WSD) of acronyms and abbreviations in the healthcare domain. Since clinicalnotes have distinctive characteristics, it is unclear whether techniques effective for acronym and abbreviation WSD frombiomedical literature are sufficient. Methods: The authors discuss feature selection for automated techniques and challengeswith WSD of acronyms and abbreviations in the clinical domain. Results: There are significant challenges associated withthe informal nature of clinical text, such as typographical errors and incomplete sentences; difficulty with insufficient clinicalresources, such as clinical sense inventories; and obstacles with privacy and security for conducting research with clinicaltext. Although we anticipated that using sophisticated techniques, such as biomedical terminologies, semantic types, partof-speech, and language modeling, would be needed for feature selection with automated machine learning approaches, wefound instead that simple techniques, such as bag-of-words, were quite effective in many cases. Factors, such as majoritysense prevalence and the degree of separateness between sense meanings, were also important considerations. Conclusions:The first lesson is that a comprehensive understanding of the unique characteristics of clinical text is important for automaticacronym and abbreviation WSD. The second lesson learned is that investigators may find that using simple approaches is aneffective starting point for these tasks. Finally, similar to other WSD tasks, an understanding of baseline majority sense ratesand separateness between senses is important. Further studies and practical solutions are needed to better address these issues.
Solar Sails: Technology And Demonstration Status
Johnson, Les,Young, Roy,Barnes, Nathan,Friedman, Louis,Lappas, Vaios,McInnes, Colin The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Scie 2012 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.13 No.4
Solar Sail propulsion has been validated in space (IKAROS, 2010) and soon several more solar-sail propelled spacecraft will be flown. Using sunlight for spacecraft propulsion is not a new idea. First proposed by Frederick Tsander and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the 1920's, NASA's Echo 1 balloon, launched in 1960, was the first spacecraft for which the effects of solar photon pressure were measured. Solar sails reflect sunlight to achieve thrust, thus eliminating the need for costly and often very-heavy fuel. Such "propellantless" propulsion will enable whole new classes of space science and exploration missions previously not considered possible due to the propulsive-intense maneuvers and operations required.
Les Johnson,Roy Young,Nathan Barnes,Louis Friedman,Vaios Lappas,Colin McInnes 한국항공우주학회 2012 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.13 No.4
Solar Sail propulsion has been validated in space (IKAROS, 2010) and soon several more solar-sail propelled spacecraft will be flown. Using sunlight for spacecraft propulsion is not a new idea. First proposed by Frederick Tsander and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the 1920’s, NASA’s Echo 1 balloon, launched in 1960, was the first spacecraft for which the effects of solar photon pressure were measured. Solar sails reflect sunlight to achieve thrust, thus eliminating the need for costly and often very-heavy fuel. Such “propellantless” propulsion will enable whole new classes of space science and exploration missions previously not considered possible due to the propulsive-intense maneuvers and operations required.