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AU SEUIL D'UNE CRITIQUE NOUVELLE
Maurice Pinguet 한국불어불문학회 1967 佛語佛文學硏究 Vol.2 No.1
La litte´rature a toujours e´te´ cette parole irresponsable, virtuelle, qui sourit entre les mots, qui ne dit ni non, qui murmure comme Me´lisande mourante "Je ne sais pas ce que je dis, je ne sais pas ce que je sais". Mais pendant longtemps son essence a e´te´ masque´e par les pre´suppose´s divers dont on lui confiait la charge: canons esthe´tiques, re`gles des genres, contenus a` formuler, confidences a` de´livrer, missions et messages. Dans ces pre´suppose´s, la litte´rature trouvait bonne conscience - et bonne sante´. Depuis Mallarme´, tout l'appreil de cette responsabilite´ multiple s'est dissipe´ et dans la vacuite´ de cet effacement une question est apparue: "Mais alors qu'est-ce que la litte´rature? Comment est-elle encore possible?." Aujourd'hui l'e´crivain peut encore se donner une ta^che (Sartre: de´mystifions! Ponge: de´crivons!) mais il sait trop bien que la question qu'est l'oeuvre a` cre´er de´borde invinciblement quoique tacitement la responsabilite´ de la ta^che a` accomplir. A cette question toujours oblique, il tente de donner re´ponse et, s'il est conscient, d'e´crire de´sespe´re´ment le dernier Livre qui la refermera. Les possibilite´s rec¿ues de la culture sont ici de faible ressource, toujours ambigue¨s elles sont autant d'impossibilite´s de redire. La seule possibilite´, seul il doit l'inventer: un langage qui parle dans son langage, un langage tout intime mais qui lui reste insaisissable, l'invention d'une ve´rite´ elle-me^me inve´rifiable. Cette irresponsable re´ponse s'inquie`te et suscite en elle-me^me une autocritique ou` se reprend dans l'e´le´ment de la pense´e la me^me question que dans l'e´le´ment de la fiction l'oeuvre tente en vain d'apaiser. Pense´e critique inhe´rente a` l'oeuvre me^me, pense´e dont Proust, apre`s Mallarme´, a donne´ dans Le Temps retrouve´ exemple magistral, pense´e dont Gide a su fournir une re´duction classique: le Journal des Faux-Monnayeurs et, dans Les Faux-Monnayeurs me^me, le journal d'Eouard. Cette pense´e critique a` l'oeuvre dans l'oeuvre, la critique nouvelle ne fait que la rendre the´matique, explicite et responsable. seule une telle pense´e peut e^tre a` l'e´gard de l'oeuvre absolument fraternelle, seule elle peut de´signer l'apparition dans un langage invente´ de ce-qui-vaut-d'e^tre-pense´, de ce qui justifie l'oeuvre d'avoir e´te´ e´crite apre`s tant d'autres, malgre´ tant d'autres lie´es au me^me destin. Une critique du signifiant retrouve ainsi la vieille vertu d'e´valuation dont se pre´valait la critique dogmatique de Boileau : elle assume le risque apophantique de re´ve´ler ce qui, dans l'oeuvre, vaut d'e^tre: valeur (sinon validite´) d'un langage fictif, ve´rite´ d'une fiction parlante. Ainsi s'indique l'ave`nement d'une ve´rite´ qui ne peut jamais naitre (comme le fait remarquer Gilles Deleuze dans Marcel Proust et les signes, 1965) d'une bonne volonte´ de penser, mais du seul rapport unissant, dans l'aventure du langage, la violence des signes au recueillement de la pense´e. L'oeuvre est un risque, la critique un risque e´gal: le beau risque de penser l'oeuvre comme une re´ponse a` la question qui les inquie`te et les suscite.
( Maurice Schiff ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 1997 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.12 No.3
This paper examines two issues: 1) the welfare impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs), and 2) the effect of structural and policy changes on the welfare impact of PTAs. It is shown that, on the import side, the home country loses from a PTA between small countries (and the PTA as a whole loses as well); and the impact of a PTA on home country welfare is worse the higher the level (and share) of imports from the partner country. The latter result holds both in the small-country and the large-country case. The paper also examines the effects on the welfare impact of PTAs of changes in efficiency, trade policy, smuggling and rules of origin. It is shown that the impact of forming a PTA between small countries in the case of smuggling is ambiguous in general. (JEL Classification: F0, F1)
Catalyst faceting during graphene layer crystallization in the course of carbon nanofiber growth
Maurice, J.L.,Pribat, D.,He, Z.,Patriarche, G.,Cojocaru, C.S. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 Carbon Vol.79 No.-
The low temperature catalytic growth of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) rests on the continuous nucleation and growth of graphene layers at the surface of crystalline catalyst particles. Here, we study the atomic mechanisms at work in this phenomenon, by observing the growth of such layers in situ in the transmission electron microscope, in the case of iron-based catalysts. Graphene layers, parallel to the catalyst surface, appear by a mechanism of step flow, where the atomic layers of catalyst are ''replaced'' by graphene planes. Quite remarkably, catalyst facets systematically develop while this mechanism is at work. We discuss the origin of faceting in terms of equilibrium particle shape and graphene layer nucleation. Step bunching due to impeded step migration, in certain growth conditions, yields characteristic catalyst nail-head shapes. Mastering the mechanisms of faceting and step bunching could open up the way to tailoring the structure of low temperature-grown MWCNTs, e.g. with highly parallel carbon walls and, ultimately, with controlled structure and chirality.
Will the Real “Natural Trading Partner” Please Stand Up?
( Maurice Schiff ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2001 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.16 No.2
Adherents to the “natural trading partner” hypothesis argue that forming a PTA is more likely to raise welfare if member countries already trade disproportionately with each other. Opponents of the hypothesis claim that the opposite is true: welfare is likely to be higher if member countries trade less with each other. This paper shows that neither analysis is correct and that the “natural trading partner” hypothesis can be rescued if it is redefined in terms of complementarity or substitutability rather than in terms of volume of trade.
A Method to Protect Mine Workers in Hot and Humid Environments
Maurice Sunkpal,Pedram Roghanchi,Karoly C. Kocsis 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2018 Safety and health at work Vol.9 No.2
Background: Work comfort studies have been extensively conducted, especially in the underground and meteorological fields resulting in an avalanche of recommendations for their evaluation. Nevertheless, no known or universally accepted model for comprehensively assessing the thermal work condition of the underground mine environment is currently available. Current literature presents several methods and techniques, but none of these can expansively assess the underground mine environment since most methods consider only one or a few defined factors and neglect others. Some are specifically formulated for the built and meteorological climates, thus making them unsuitable to accurately assess the climatic conditions in underground development and production workings. Methods: This paper presents a series of sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of environmental parameters and metabolic rate on the thermal comfort for underground mining applications. An approach was developed in the form of a “comfort model” which applied comfort parameters to extensively assess the climatic conditions in the deep, hot, and humid underground mines. Results: Simulation analysis predicted comfort limits in the form of required sweat rate and maximum skin wettedness. Tolerable worker exposure times to minimize thermal strain due to dehydration are predicted. Conclusion: The analysis determined the optimal air velocity for thermal comfort to be 1.5 m/s. The results also identified humidity to contribute more to deviations from thermal comfort than other comfort parameters. It is expected that this new approach will significantly help in managing heat stress issues in underground mines and thus improve productivity, safety, and health.