T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals

Mattoo Sameer-ul-Salam,Myoung Jinjong 한국미생물학회 2022 The journal of microbiology Vol.60 No.3

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, first emerged in 2019. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been given a lot of attention. However, the armamentarium of humoral and T cells may have differing roles in different viral infections. Though the exact role of T cells in COVID-19 remains to be elucidated, prior experience with human coronavirus has revealed an essential role of T cells in the outcomes of viral infections. Moreover, an increasing body of evidence suggests that T cells might be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes the role of T cells in mouse CoV, human pathogenic respiratory CoV in general and SARSCoV- 2 in specific.

Discriminatory Consequences of Non-discriminatory Standards

Mattoo, Aaditya 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2001 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.16 No.1

This paper shows that environmental, labour and other standards can be effective strategic policy instruments even when they are strictly non-discriminatory. This is because standards can be set which the foreign producer optimally chooses not to meet, allowing the domestic producer to monopolize the standardized segment of the market. Thus, it is imposition of unilaterally determined standards-which could impact negatively on trading partners even when they are non-discriminatory-rather than internationally negotiated standards.

Regional Agreements and Trade in Services: Policy Issues

( Aaditya Mattoo ),( Carsten Fink ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2004 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.19 No.4

Every major regional trade agreement now has a services dimension. Is trade in services so different that we need to modify the conclusions on preferential agreements reached so far in the realm of goods? This paper examines, first, the implications of unilateral policy choices in a particular services market. It then explores the economics of international cooperation and identifies the circumstances in which a country is more likely to benefit from cooperation in a regional rather than multilateral forum. Finally, it reviews some evidence on services liberalization under the European Union`s Single Market Program.

Measuring Services Trade Liberalization and Its Impact on Economic Growth: An Illustration

( Aaditya Mattoo ),( Randeep Rathindran ),( Arvind Subramanian ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2006 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.21 No.1

The paper has three purposes. First, it explains how the impact of liberalization of service sectors on output growth differs from that of liberalization of trade in goods. Second, it suggests a policy-based rather than outcome-based measure of the openness of a country`s services regime. Such openness measures are constructed for two key service sectors, basic telecommunications and financial services. Finally, it provides some econometric evidence-relatively strong for the financial sector and less strong, but nevertheless statistically significant, for the telecommunications sector-that openness in services influences long run growth performance . Our estimates suggest that countries with fully open telecom and financial services sectors grow up to 1.5 percentage points faster than other countries.

Neutral beam injector system for Steady State Tokamak -1

S. K. Mattoo,A.K. Chakraborty,B. Prajapati,BVSNNP Sridhar,C. Rotti,Ch. Chakrapani,G. Patel,M. Bandyopadhyay,M.J. Singh,M.R. Jana,N.P. Singh,P. Bharati,P.J. Patel,P.K. Jayakumar,R. Onali,S. Ramababu,S. 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III

This paper discusses the experimental results obtained from the various components developed for a 1.7 MW neutral beam injector (NBI). Several technologies related to fabrication of back plate, extractor grids, high-current filament feedthru’s, heat-transfer elements, ceramic insulators, cryopumps, rectangular vessels and power supplies have been developed in collaboration with the Indian industry. Control experiments on the prototype plasma box are described.

A standardized method to study immune responses using porcine whole blood

Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo 대한수의학회 2023 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.24 No.1

Background: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are commonly used to assess in vitro immune responses. However, PBMC isolation is a time-consuming procedure, introduces technical variability, and requires a relatively large volume of blood. By contrast, whole blood assay (WBA) is faster, cheaper, maintains more physiological conditions, and requires less sample volume, laboratory training, and equipment. Objectives: Herein, this study aimed to develop a porcine WBA for in vitro evaluation of immune responses. Methods: Heparinized whole blood (WB) was diluted (non-diluted, 1/2, 1/8, and 1/16) in RPMI-1640 media, followed by phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. After 24 h, cells were stained for interferon (IFN)-γ secreting T-cells followed by flow cytometry, and the supernatant was analyzed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, diluted WB was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), reference strain KCTC3557 (RS), field isolate (FI), of heat-killed (HK) Streptococcus suis, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Results: The frequency of IFN-γ+CD3+ T-cells and concentration of TNF-α in the supernatant of WB increased with increasing dilution factor and were optimal at 1/8. WB TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine levels increased significantly following stimulation with LPS or poly I:C. Further, FI and RS induced IL-10 production in WB. Additionally, PRRSV strains increased the frequency of IFN-γ+CD4-CD8+ cells, and IFN-γ was non-significantly induced in the supernatant of re-stimulated samples. Conclusions: We propose that the WBA is a rapid, reliable, and simple method to evaluate immune responses and WB should be diluted to trigger immune cells.

A Promising Vaccination Strategy against COVID-19 on the Horizon: Heterologous Immunization

( Sameer-ul-salam Mattoo ),( Jinjong Myoung ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2021 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.31 No.12

To overcome the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination campaigns are the highest priority of majority of countries. Limited supply and worldwide disproportionate availability issues for the approved vaccines, together with concerns about rare side-effects have recently initiated the switch to heterologous vaccination, commonly known as mixing of vaccines. The COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in the general population. However, none of the vaccines is 100% efficacious or effective, with variants posing more challenges, resulting in breakthrough cases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of immune responses to variants of concern (VOC) and breakthrough infections. Furthermore, we discuss the scope of heterologous vaccination and future strategies to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, including fractionation of vaccine doses and alternative route of vaccination.

Estimating the Knowledge Capital Model for Foreign Investment in Services: The Case of Singapore

Chellaraj, Gnanaraj,Mattoo, Aaditya Korea Institute for International Economic Policy 2019 East Asian Economic Review Vol.23 No.2

Singapore's inward and outward investments with industrialized countries in both manufacturing and service sectors were skill seeking while outward investments to developing countries were labor seeking. Applying the Knowledge-Capital model, it was found that services Foreign Direct Investment is sensitive to skill differences. A ten-percent decline in skill differences with industrialized countries resulted in a 4.25 percent rise in inbound manufacturing and 1.48 percent rise in inbound services investments. Meanwhile, a ten-percent increase in skill differences with developing countries resulted in a 30 percent rise in outbound manufacturing and 0.38 percent rise in services investments. Furthermore, when services are distinguished by skill-intensity, the impact of relative skill endowments on inbound Foreign Direct Investment in skill-intensive services is significantly different from the impact on other services. However, when services are disaggregated by "proximity" needs, we do not find any significant difference in the impact of relative skill endowments on Foreign Direct Investment.

Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the Cloned Lycopersicon Esculentum Lycopene Cyclase, Cytochrome Oxidase, Chlorophyll a/b Binding Protein, and SAM-Decarboxylase Gene Fragments

Chung, Sang-Ho,Mattoo, Autar K. 목원대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 自然科學 硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.-

In order to analyze the gene transcripts of transgenic tomatoes, the lycopene β-cyclase(crtL1), cytochrome oxidase(coxI), light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein(LHCII), and SAM-decarboxylase gene fragments were amplified from tomato genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and cloned between EcoRI sites of pCR2.1 vector. All the primer sequences for PCR were designed from tomato genes except that the primer sequences for SAM-decarboxylase gene were from a potato gene, because the SAM-decarboxylase gene sequence of tomato is unknown yet. The resultant recombinant plasmids. pSC61 which containes a putative LHCII gene fragment, pSC72 which contains a putative SAM-decarboxylase gene fragment, pSC82 which contains a putative cytochrome oxidase gene fragment, and pSC102 which contains a putative lycopene β-cyclase gene fragment, were constructed. Each gene fragment of pSC plasmids was further sequenced and matched with previously known sequences. The cloned tomato putative LHCII(557 bp), cytochrome oxidase(232 bp), and lycopene β-cyclase(721 bp) gene fragment sequences show 100% identities with the known sequences of Lycopersicon esculentum lhbC1 DNA for LHCII type III(accession number X60275), mitochondrion coxI gene for cytochrome oxidase(accession number X54738), and crtL1 gene for lycopene β-cyclase(accession number X86452), respectively. Especially, the cloned tomato putative SAM-decarboxylase gene fragment sequence(418 bp), which was unknown yet, shows 96% identity with the sequence of potato SAM-decarboxylase gene(accession number S74514), 91% identity with that of the Datura stramonium(accession number Y07768), 84% identity with that of the Nicotiana tabacum(accession number U91924), and 61% identity with that of the Pisum sativum(accession number U60592), indicating that this cloned sequence corresponds to SAM-decarboxylase gene fragment in tomato and that SAM-decarboxylase gene seems to be relatively conserved well with high homology in each species.

Trade in Developing East Asia: How It Has Changed and Why It Matters

Cristina Constantinescu,Aaditya Mattoo,Michele Ruta 대외경제정책연구원 2018 East Asian Economic Review Vol.22 No.4

East Asia, for long the epitome of successful engagement in trade, faces serious challenges: technological change that may threaten the very model of labor intensive industrialization and a backlash against globalization that may reduce access to important markets. The analysis in this article suggests that how East Asia copes with these global challenges will depend on how it addresses three more proximate national and regional challenges. The first is the emergence of China as a global trade giant, which is fundamentally altering the trading patterns and opportunities of its neighbors. The second is the asymmetric implementation of national reform – in goods trade and investment versus services – which is affecting the evolution of comparative advantage and productivity in each country. The third is the divergence between the relatively shallow and fragmented agreements that regulate the region's trade and investment and the growing importance of regional and global value chains as crucial drivers of productivity growth.