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Reconsidering the process of demilitarization : the case of the Belgian gendarmerie
Marleen Easton 아시아경찰학회 2006 Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice Vol.4 No.1
This paper addresses the complex relationship between the military and the police by focusing on the process of demilitarization of the police and conceptualising the impact of the military culture and structure on the institutionalisation of the police. On the basis of a case study on the demilitarization of the Belgian gendarmerie (1940-1998) interactions are indicated between the operational and organisational level of the process of demilitarization of the police. These interactions generate challenges for police forces who are trying to take into account the requirements of democratic policing (community policing) in an age of ‘war’ against terrorism, which tends to activate a latent military/traditional style of policing.
MULTIPLE COMMUNITY POLICING - HOW DO YOU MEAN?
Marleen Easton 아시아경찰학회 2006 아시아경찰학회 국제학술회의 Vol.2006 No.-
In Western multicultural societies governments are facing multiple challenges. One of them is the problematic relation between the police and etnic cultural minorities. On this issue the Belgian government wants the police to function according to the principles of Community Oriented Policing (COP, circular 2003). The goal is to create a new police culture by which policemen are acting service-oriented, problem-solving, accountable, empowering and partner-oriented. The implementation of this policy is quite difficult because police culture can"t be changed overnight. But although policemen are called "streetlevel bureaucrats" and have discretionary power on the floor, they are demanding some hold to implement COP, especially when they are confronted with multicultural problems. The central question here is what does COP mean within neighbourhoods where there are tensions due to the living together of people coming from different social, cultural and economical backgrounds. This study aims to translate in an interactive way the meaning of COP within multicultural settings by exploring and observing multiple interactions (routines, incidents,…) between the police and etnic cultural minorities and by taking into account the perceptions and expectations of the different actors involved. The main goal of this study is to improve the implementation of community policing in this field of peculiar interest and by doing so enhancing the steering capacity of our government within this area.
WESTERN IDEAS ON POLICE CULTURE
Marleen Easton,Dominique Van Ryckeghem 아시아경찰학회 2006 아시아경찰학회 국제학술회의 Vol.2006 No.-
This paper aims at understanding culture and police culture in particular by addressing the cultural theories or cultural beliefs that underpin the study of both. This results in an overview on Western Ideas on (police) culture. It shows that studying and investigating culture is a very complicated business which involves a variety of theoretical and ideological premises. Insight into these premises is necessary to fully understand research on police culture and to make an adequate interpretation of the findings of these researches.
Amanda G.Y. Chen,Marleen S.L. Offereins,Christopher J. Mulder,Christopher M. Frampton,Richard B. Gearry 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Journal of medicinal food Vol.21 No.12
We investigated the impact of the ingestion of two green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward) and one Royal Gala apple on breath hydrogen and methane production in humans. Consumption of two green kiwifruit led to no evidence of carbohydrate malabsorption (0/20), whereas consumption of one apple was associated with carbohydrate malabsorption in 6/20 participants (P = .008). There were no significant differences in the area under the curve for hydrogen or methane breath concentrations after consumption of the two fruits. Rates of lactose and fructose breath tests in this cohort were within expected parameters. Green kiwifruit are not associated with clinically significant carbohydrate malabsorption compared with apples in this pilot study.
Coculture Effects on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Astghik Hayrapetyan,Soraya Surjandi,Evita EPJ Lemsom,Marleen MMW Wolters,John A Jansen,Jeroen JJP van den Beucken 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2016 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.13 No.6
Cell-based bone regeneration is generally pursued based on single cell type approaches, for which human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSCs) are frequently used, owing to their easy accessibility and relatively large yield. In view of multiple cell types involved in physiological bone regeneration, this study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs upon co-culture with endothelial cells or macrophages in a direct or indirect in vitro co-culture set-up. Our hypotheses were that 1) endothelial cells and macrophages stimulate AT-MSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and that 2) these two cell types will more profoundly affect osteogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs in a direct compared to an indirect co-culture set-up, because of the possibility for both cell-cell interactions and effects of secreted soluble factors in the former. Osteogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs was stimulated by endothelial cells, particularly in direct co-cultures. Although initial numbers of AT-MSCs in co-culture with endothelial cells were 50% compared to monoculture controls, equal levels of mineralization were achieved. Macrophages showed a variable effect on AT-MSCs behavior for indirect co-cultures and a negative effect on osteogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs in direct co-cultures, the latter likely due to species differences of the cell types used. The results of this study demonstrate potential for cell combination strategies in bone regenerative therapies.
( Wahyuni Lukita Atmodjo ),( Darti Isbandiati Wibisono ),( Stella Marleen Damai ),( Graciella Wahjoepramono ),( Franxicus Clinton ),( George Mathew ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1
Background: Curcuminoids that exert a strong anti-inflammatory effect has shown to inhibit multiplicity of tumor nodules in liver carcinogenesis. However its efficacy to inhibit the progression of cellular transformation in liver carcinogenesis has not yet been evaluated clearly. Methods: Forty of 5 weeks old male Balb/C mice were divided randomly into 15 weeks and 20 weeks scarifying groups. Each of that group divided into 2 control groups, injected with sterile saline and fed either with basal diet (1), or fed with 0.2% curcuminoids- containing diet (2); and 2 treated groups, injected intra peritoneal with DEN 75mg/kg BW for 3 weeks, continued with 100mg/kg BW for 3 continuous weeks, fed with basal diet (3) or fed with 0.2% curcuminoid-containing diet (4). They were sacrificed at 15 weeks (n=20) and 20 weeks (n=20) after the first injection of DEN. The liver sections were stained with H&E and monoclonal antibody anti-Ki 67. The number of transformed-hepatocytes and Ki 67-positive cells were counted in high-powered fields (X400) surrounding central vein randomly. The results were analyzed statistically using t-test with considered significant at p<0.05. Results: Histologically, liver sections of the treated groups showed disruption of hepatic architecture with dilated sinusoids and degeneration of hepatocytes. Abundant transformed-hepatocytes characterized with enlargement nuclei, hyperchromatin nuclei and prominent nucleoli were scattered within liver parenchyma (fig.1,2). The numbers of transformed-hepatoctes were reduced significantly (p<0.05) when they fed with curcuminoids either in 15 or 20 weeks. Increasing number of Ki 67-positive cells were shown after injections of DEN (fig 2). Conclusions: We suggested that one of the mechanism by which curcuminoids-containing diets inhibit the progression of liver carcinogenesis is possibly through suppressing proliferation of transformed-hepatocytes.