Fodor`s Non-Conceptual Representations and the Computational Theory of Mind

( Mariela Dest?fano ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2013 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.14 No.2

Fodor (2007; 2008) holds that the very early stages of perceptual processing operate upon non-conceptual representations. In my view, this position is incompatible with the main tenets that Fodor himself (1975; 1998a; 1998b; 2001a) has largely defended in his computational theory of mind (CTM). My aim in this paper is to present the problems CTM would face if the modules involved in perceptual processing computed non-conceptual representations. To achieve this, I will offer a trilemma whose first horn consists of the possibility that perceptual modules operate on both non-conceptual representations and representations of the language of thought (LOT). Since non-conceptual representations do not have the necessary properties to figure in a classical computational process, Fodor would have to accept that part of the perceptual modules is not explained in classical computational terms. The second horn of the trilemma is the possibility that perceptual modules may only compute nonconceptual representations. This would be a worst-case scenario, since CTM would then not explain how perceptual modules work. Finally, the last horn of the trilemma presents a third possibility in which perceptual modules operate on both non-conceptual representations and representations that are not fullblown LOT. I will argue that this position is inadequate in that it presents the same difficulties mentioned in the first and second horns of the trilemma.

Protective Effect of Glycomacropeptide on the Atopic Dermatitis-Like Dysfunctional Skin Barrier in Rats

Mariela Jimenez,Fabiola C. Munoz,Daniel Cervantes-Garcıa,Maritza M. Cervantes,Alicia Hernandez-Mercado,Berenice Barron-Garcıa,Jose L. Moreno Hernandez-Duque,Adrian Rodrıguez-Carlos,Bruno Rivas-Santiag 한국식품영양과학회 2020 Journal of medicinal food Vol.23 No.11

The maintenance of a healthy skin barrier is crucial to prevent and treat atopic dermatitis (AD) lesions and avoid infections. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a bioactive peptide that has demonstrated promising results as an anti-inflammatory and antipruritic therapy for experimental AD. This study aimed to analyze the effect of GMP on impaired cutaneous barrier-related signs in a rat model of AD lesions. AD-like dermatitis was induced on the skin by repeated topical applications of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and animals were orally administered GMP before or after AD induction. The expression of skin structural proteins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was evaluated by immunoblot or immunohistochemistry, epidermal thickening was evaluated by histochemistry, the level of IFN-γ and changes in the microbiota were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the quantity of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was evaluated by gas chromatography. GMP administration significantly increased filaggrin, β-defensin 2, and cathelicidin-related AMP expression in AD-like lesions. Involucrin expression was not modified. In GMP-treated animals, epidermal thickening and IFN-γ expression were strongly reduced in damaged skin. GMP treatment impacted the skin microbiota and prevented Staphylococcus aureus colonization, which is associated with AD. In addition, high levels of Bifidobacterium were detected in the feces of GMP-treated animals, and the acetic acid and butyric acid contents increased in animals prophylactically administered GMP. These results suggest that GMP markedly prevents or reverses skin barrier damage in rat AD-like lesions through a bifidogenic effect that induces fecal SCFA production with prolonged treatment. Our findings provide evidence that GMP may represent an optimum strategy for the therapy of the dysfunctional cutaneous barrier in AD.

A case of pediatric ALL with t(16;21)(p11.2;q22) and FUS-ERG rearrangement

Mariela C. Coccé,Cristina N. Alonso,Jorge Rossi,Maria S. Felice,Myriam R. Gitter,Marta S. Gallego 대한혈액학회 2015 Blood Research Vol.50 No.1

None

The structure of the Ni 2p photoemission spectra

Mariela BRAVO-SANCHEZ,Gustavo GOMEZ-SOSA,Dagoberto CABRERA-GERMAN,Alberto HERRERA-GOMEZ 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8

Poster Session : PS 0766 ; Rheumatology ; Acute Sarcoidosis

( Patricia Sasaki ),( Mariela Ragosa ),( Romina Balzer ),( Lucla Brignone ),( Noeml Garro ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of low prevalence and unknown etiology, characterized pathologically by the presence of immunologically mediated noncaseating granulomas, mainly involves the lungs and lymph system, as a result of an exaggerated response to antigen exposure, still unidentifi ed, in genetically susceptible individuals. The acute presentation occurs only in 20-40% of cases, being a variant thereof, Lofgren`s syndrome, more prevalent in young Caucasian women, who present an association of fever, erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, symmetrical polyarthritis and uveitis with 70% of spontaneous remission and 30% recurrence. The diagnosis is establish by clinical and radiological features consistent, histologic evidence of noncaseating epithelioid granulomas, and the reasonable exclusion of other granulomatous diseases. Corticosteroids have been shown to be the most effective drugs in the treatment of symptomatic sarcoidosis Methods and Results: Female patient 52 years old, consultation fatigue, weakness, polyarthralgia, rash pruritic on limbs and trunk, and fever records 24 hours of evolution. Physical examination shows polyarthralgia associated with functional impotence and erythema nodosum; elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate; chest radiograph with interstitial pattern. Thorax TC evidence bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Mediastinal lymph node biopsy reported noncaseating granuloma (nodular sarcoidosis). After arriving at diagnosis, the patient began treatment with prednisone 40 mg/ day, with complete remission of clinical symptoms and improvement of the images. Conclusions: The mortality of patients with sarcoidosis is greater than the general population, mainly due to pulmonary fi brosis. Early recognition of symptoms such as unexplained persistent fatigue, fever, overlapping cognitive impairment, and changes in health status and quality of life have improved as a diagnostic suspicion. As regards treatment, there is no cure for sarcoidosis. Corticosteroids have been shown to be most effective drugs in the treatment of symptomatic sarcoidosis. The same, it is useful to change the clinical course of the disease and improve prognosis.

Preoperative Therapy Regimen Influences the Incidence and Implication of Nodal Downstaging in Patients with Gastric Cancer

Alexander P. Stark,Mariela M. Blum,Yi-Ju Chiang,Prajnan Das,Bruce D. Minsky,Jeannelyn S. Estrella,Jaffer A. Ajani,Brian D. Badgwell,Paul Mansfield,Naruhiko Ikoma 대한위암학회 2020 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.20 No.3

Purpose: Nodal downstaging after preoperative therapy for gastric cancer has been shown to impart excellent prognosis, but this has not been validated in a national cohort. The role of neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NACR) in nodal downstaging remains unclear when compared with that of neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone (NAC). Furthermore, it is unknown whether the prognostic implications of nodal downstaging differ by preoperative regimen. Materials and Methods: Using the National Cancer Database, overall survival (OS) duration was compared among natural N0 (cN0/ypN0), downstaged N0 (cN+/ypN0), and node-positive (ypN+) gastric cancer patients treated with NACR or NAC. Factors associated with nodal downstaging were examined in a propensity score-matched cohort of cN+ patients, matched 1:1 by receipt of NACR or NAC. Results: Of 7,426 patients (natural N0 [n=1,858, 25.4%], downstaged N0 [n=1,813, 24.4%], node-positive [n=3,755, 50.4%]), 58.2% received NACR, and 41.9% received NAC. The median OS durations of downstaged N0 (5.1 years) and natural N0 (5.6 years) patients were similar to one another and longer than that of node-positive patients (2.1 years) (P<0.001). In the matched cohort of cN+ patients, more recent diagnosis (2010–2015 vs. 2004–2009) (odds ratio [OR], 2.57; P<0.001) and NACR (OR, 2.02; P<0.001) were independently associated with nodal downstaging. The 5-year OS rate of downstaged N0 patients was significantly lower after NACR (46.4%) than after NAC (57.7%) (P=0.003). Conclusions: Downstaged N0 patients have the same prognosis as natural N0 patients. Nodal downstaging occurred more frequently after NACR; however, the survival benefit of nodal downstaging after NACR may be less than that when such is achieved by NAC.

Relationship between Physical and Chemical Soil Characteristics and Greenhouse Gases Emission in an Indigenous Agroforestry System in Western Honduras

Oscar Ferreira Catrileo,Mariela Rivera,Maria Del Pilar Hurtado,Marco Rondon 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Assessing the Public’s Interest in Orofacial Pain Specialists: A Google Trends Analysis

Botros Jack,Padilla Mariela 대한안면통증∙구강내과학회 2023 Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain Vol.48 No.4

Purpose: To assess Google Trends (GT) search behavior regarding orofacial pain (OFP) and headaches. Methods: GT scores for OFP and headache specialists between February 2013 and December 2022 were analyzed. Statistical tests such as Poisson regression analyses, mean differences, and Cohen’s D were used to assess the score change over time. Results: The top three search words for OFP specialists were “temporomandibular joint (TMJ) specialist,” “TMJ doctor,” and “TMJ dentist,” whereas the top three search words for headache specialists were “Headache specialist,” “Headache doctor,” and “Migraine specialist.” Here, TMJ is temporomandibular joint. The GT scores for OFP specialists increased significantly (p<0.05) for all years except 2017, with the highest mean difference in 2020. The scores for headache specialists showed similar trends but gradually. Conclusions: The interest in OFP and headache specialists expressed by Google searches has increased over the years. More awareness is needed regarding the OFP scope of practice, and the use of GT may serve as an indicator.

Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Newcastle Disease Virus Strain P05 in a Breast Cancer Mouse Model

Oscar Antonio Ortega-Rivera,Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá,Mariela Jiménez,J. Luis Quintanar,Flor Torres-Juarez,Bruno Rivas-Santiago,Susana del Toro-Arreola,Eva Salinas 한국유방암학회 2023 Journal of breast cancer Vol.26 No.2

Purpose: Conventional therapies and surgery remain the standard treatment for breast cancer. However, combating the eventual development of metastasis is still a challenge. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the various species of viruses under clinical evaluation as a vector for oncolytic, gene-, and immune-stimulating therapies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of a recombinant NDV (rNDV-P05) in a breast cancer murine model. Methods: Tumors were induced by injecting the cellular suspension (4T1 cell line) subcutaneously. The virus strain P05 was applied three times at intervals of seven days, starting seven days after tumor induction, and was completed 21 days later. Determination of tumor weight, spleen index, and lung metastasis were done after sacrificing the mice. Serum levels of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CD8+ infiltrated cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Results: rNDV-P05 showed a route-of-administration-dependent effect, demonstrating that the systemic administration of the virus significantly reduces the tumor mass and volume, spleen index, and abundance of metastatic clonogenic colonies in lung tissue, and increases the inhibition rate of the tumor. The intratumoral administration of rNDV-P05 was ineffective for all the parameters evaluated. Antitumor and antimetastatic capability of rNDV-P05 is mediated, at least partially, through its immune-stimulatory effect on the upregulation of TNF-α, TRAIL, IFN-α, and IFN-γ, and its ability to recruit CD8+ T cells into tumor tissue. Conclusion: Systemic treatment with rNDV-P05 decreases the tumoral parameters in the breast cancer murine model.

Efficacy of topical interventions for temporomandibular disorders compared to placebo or control therapy: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Mena, Mariam,Dalbah, Lana,Levi, Lauren,Padilla, Mariela,Enciso, Reyes The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2020 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.20 No.6

This systematic review focused on the efficacy of topical products in reducing temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD)-associated pain, in comparison to placebo or control interventions. The EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE via PubMed databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using topical interventions in adults diagnosed with TMD. The pain intensity was the primary outcome, and other clinical findings were the secondary outcomes. The risk of bias was evaluated according to the Cochrane's handbook. The search up to February 7, 2020 identified a total of 496 unduplicated references. Nine RCTs with 355 adult patients diagnosed with TMD were included. The meta-analysis did not show a significant reduction in baseline pain intensity in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) group, when compared to the placebo group (P = 0.288). One study demonstrated a statistically significant pain score decrease for Theraflex-TMJ compared to placebo after 10 d of treatment (P = 0.003) and follow-up, 5 d after the last application (P = 0.027). Ping On reduced pain at 4 weeks of application (P < 0.001) but not after 7 d of application (P = 0.136). In one study, cannabidiol (CBD) significantly improved the pain intensity compared to placebo (P < 0.001). However, no differences were found with capsaicin in the two studies (P = 0.465). Evidence was of low quality because the studies were considered as having an unclear or a high risk of bias and a small number of studies were analyzed. The evidence is not sufficient to support the use of topical NSAIDs and capsaicin, and limited evidence was found for Threraflex-TMJ, bee venom, Ping On, and CBD, with only one study reporting for each. Additional studies are recommended to validate these results.