判文與唐代官, 吏之別

Mao Wei(茆,巍) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2013 아시아연구 Vol.- No.17

唐은 중국 中世社會로서 官과 吏가 나누어지는 과도기였다. 唐代에 官과 吏는 점차 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 이 차이는 처우 뿐 만 아니라 胥吏상승의 공간에서도 나타났다. 唐律의 규정에 의하면 官과 吏의 職掌구분은 行判의 여부에서 나타났다. 判文의 제작 수준은 관원의 행정 능력의 高低를 가늠하는 標誌로 간주되었으며, 吏部의 銓選중에서도 判은 중요한 위치를 차지했다. 選判은 비록 일종의 下行의 행정과 사법 제정문체였으나 그 제작 요구는 禮部에서 치는 詩賦와 다를 바 없었다. 選判은 형식에서는 駢體文風이지만 內容에서는 儒家經義를 나타내야 했으며 제목으로 보면 僻書曲學이었다. 이것은 經義와 文學에 대한 고난도의 요구였다. 經義와 文學은 또한 실제 中世중국 士族들의 家學이었다. 六朝시대, 北朝의 士族들은 經義를 전승하여 異民族을 華化하였고, 동시에 南朝의 士族들은 文學을 또 다른 차원으로 격상시켰다. 그들의 문화는 시대를 이끌었고 황실을 감명시켰으며 확고한 自治體를 형성하였다. 李唐이 건립된 후, 이와 같은 문화는 또다시 인정받았다. 이 모든 것들은 이와 같은 방식의 試判이 士族들에게 유리하도록 만들었다. 胥吏은 비록 入流의 대우를 받았지만 집단적 수량에 있어서도 절대적인 다수를 차지하였다. 그러나 최후의 경쟁에서는 불리한 위치에 처할 수밖에 없었다. 이와 같이 표면적으로는 공평한 賢才主義의 구호 하에 士族들은 判文제작을 자기들 문화의 자산으로 삼아 한미한 출신의 吏들과 경쟁을 하면서 士와 庶의 구별을 官과 吏의 구별로 바꾸었다. 判文 또한 文化자산에서 바뀌어 符號權力이 되었다. 그러나 이와 같은 경쟁적인 選拔體制는 文化를 전파시키는 동시에 士族들의 근간과 우세를 흔들었으며, 士族들이 士大夫로 전화되는 唐ㆍ宋변혁기의 기틀을 마련하였다. As medieval society, the Tang Dynasty was in a transition period of the differentiation between Guan(official who can judge) and Li(official who do not judge). Though they were civil servant, Guan and Li was treated in a huge different way, not only in salary, privilege, but also in promotion. According to law, administrative functions of Guan was to judge, and they must write pans(means to make judgment) after decide. So the performance of Pans was an important sign of the officers' administration ability. Also, the writing level of Pan was an acid test of administrative ability for the civil servants, who were tested in the Official Selecting by The Board of Civil Official. Its importance was even more than the official's political exploits. However in Tang Dynasty, pans were in verses, they must be written in parallel style, reflecting on the Confucian thoughts. And the titles of their tests were unique, only those very familiar with the classical books of Confucianism can understand what the titles mean. It is indicated that a Pan must be excellent in both the thoughts and literature expression, which were family learning of the nobles and gentries in the medieval ages. Up to the Six Dynasties Period, the northern Nobility families inherited the education of Confucian classics, and at the same time of culturing barbarians with Hua culture, the Nobility families in the South pushed the literature up to a new pinnacle. Their culture led the ages, influenced the loyal family, and formed a firm and self-reliance social group. Then, In Bei Dynasty, the regime of alien races invite person from Nobility class to help them to govern the country. In Nan Dynasty, culture-loving atmosphere was widely spreading with the authorization on Nobility class culture. During Tang Dynasty, royal family also accept and like their culture, and Pans must write in this way influenced by the aesthetics. So, this selection method is for the good of the Nobility class. In Tang Dynasty, though Li had a chance to become Guan, and was absolute dominant in number, they can not write pans well and get fast promotion, because of their family background and education environment. So the performance of Pan is a capital of culture of the Nobility Class, which was used to compete with the common literati. As a result, the differentiation between the Nobility Class and lower classes evolved into the distinction of Guan and Li. Pan become a symbol of power. Also, this select system accelerated the popularization of culture, and shook the foundations of Nobility Class. Then they turn into scholar-bureaucrats, which provide a social basis of the change of Tang and Song dynasties.

Doxorubicin encapsulated clicked gold nanoparticle clusters exhibiting tumor-specific disassembly for enhanced tumor localization and computerized tomographic imaging

Mao, Wei,Kim, Hye Sung,Son, Young Ju,Kim, Song Rae,Yoo, Hyuk Sang Elsevier Science Publishers 2018 Journal of controlled release Vol.269 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 cleavable peptides are clicked into gold nanoparticle clusters (AuNCs) for enhanced drug localization and micro computerized tomography (μCT) theranostic of tumors. AuNPs are co-functionalized with doxorubicin (DOX) and an azide-terminated polymer (DOX/N<SUB>3</SUB>@AuNPs), and the DOX/N<SUB>3</SUB>@AuNPs are associated into DOX@AuNCs in the presence of an alkyne-terminated MMP-2 cleavable peptide (alkyne-peptide-alkyne; APA) by click chemistry. MMP-2-dependent dissociation shows that DOX@AuNCs are highly sensitive to the MMP-2 and are almost completed digested into single nanoparticles. DOX liberation shows that >75% of the conjugated DOX is bursted out from the digested DOX@AuNCs while <20% of DOX is released from the integrate DOX@AuNCs within 3h in acidic conditions, suggesting that DOX is only liberated from dissociated DOX@AuNCs in acidic conditions. In vivo study shows that DOX@AuNCs accumulate in tumor ~150 times higher than DOX/N<SUB>3</SUB>@AuNPs do and efficiently suppress tumor growth. Mice administered with AuNCs shows clearer μCT images of tumors. Thus, DOX@AuNCs are expected promising carriers for both anticancer therapy and tumor imaging.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

진도항 해양관광 발전전략에 관한 연구

진무위(Maowei Chen),이향숙(Hyangsook Lee),윤경준(Kyongjun Yun) 한국국제상학회 2023 國際商學 Vol.38 No.2

진도항은 2021년 해양수산부에서 발표한 제4차(2021~2030) 전국항만기본계획에 따라 여객 수송 기능을 강화하여 해양관광 중심으로 발전하겠다는 비전이 수립되었다. 진도군은 풍부한 관광자원을 보유하며, 진도항의 해양관광 기능을 활성화함으로써 진도군의 관광산업을 발전시켜 지역 경제성장 동력을 확보할 계획이다. 이에, 본 연구는 진도항의 해양관광 발전전략을 제시하기 위해 해양관광 선행연구와 전문가 인터뷰를 통해 진도항 해양관광 발전전략 평가항목을 4개 대분류와 12개 소분류로 제시하였다. 이어서 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) 분석으로 평가항목 간의 상대 중요도 결과를 도출하였다. 대분류 중 ‘카페리 운영 활성화’가 중요한 항목으로 평가되며, ‘인프라 확충’이 그 뒤로 나타났다. ‘지원체계 마련’과 ‘크루즈 관광 활성화’는 중요도가 상대적으로 낮았다. 소분류 중에 ‘카페리 노선 확대’와 ‘카페리 수송 자원 확보’, ‘여객터미널 편의시설 확충’은 상위 3개 항목으로 평가되었다. 본 연구는 AHP 분석결과를 토대로 진도항 해양관광 발전전략을 카페리 노선 확대, 카페리 여객 및 화물 수송 자원 확보, 여객터미널 편의시설과 배후지 관광산업 시설 구축 등으로 제시하였다. 또한, 장래 진도항의 해양관광 고부가가치 산업을 위한 크루즈 활성화 정책을 제언하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 향후 진도항 해양관광 발전전략을 수립하기 위한 기초 정책 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to suggest strategies to develop the Jindo port’s ocean tourism by the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis. Research design, data and methodology : This study derived the development strategies of ocean tourism for Jindo port through literature and experts’ opinions and conducted AHP analysis by investigating 35 experts. Results : According to the AHP survey results, ‘Vitalization of car ferry operation’ and ‘Infrastructure expansion’ were evaluated as more important than the other 2 major categories. The important sub-categories were 'Expansion of car ferry routes', 'Securing car ferry transport resources', and 'Expansion of passenger terminal convenience facilities'. Conclusions : In order to develop Jindo port’s ocean tourism industry, activating the car ferry operation and expanding the port’s infrastructure including the passenger terminal and hinterland’s tourism facilities should be executed first.

여수·광양항의 운영 효율성 평가에 관한 연구

진무위 ( Maowei Chen ),이향숙 ( Hyangsook Lee ),윤경준 ( Kyongjun Yun ) 한국로지스틱스학회 2021 로지스틱스연구 Vol.29 No.4

Yeosu·Gwangyang port is considered as the 5th major port in Korea with Busan port, Incheon port, Ulsan port, and Pyeongtaek·Dangjin port. With handling oil, ore, coal, and containers as the main items, the overall throughput of Yeosu·Gwangyang port has increased steadily. Yeosu·Gwangyang port has been propelling various strategies such as the renovation of old terminals, rearrangement of container berths, and establishment of transportation network to strengthen the port competitiveness. However, in the past 5 years, Yeosu·Gwangyang port has the highest ship congestion rate among the 5 major ports in Korea. It indicated that there is an inefficient operation due to the facility or technology inadequate in Yeosu·Gwangyang port. Previous studies have mainly focused on deriving development strategies for Yeosu·Gwangyang port. The studies that have analyzed the operational efficiency of Yeosu·Gwangyang port are insufficient. Therefore, in this study, to evaluate the port operation efficiency of Yeosu·Gwangyang port, a group of competing ports was compared and analyzed by Entropy-DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) model. The competing ports were selected based on four major handling items (oil, ore, coal, and container) at Yeosu·Gwangyang port. According to the results, Yeosu·Gwangyang port had the best efficiency on oil terminal operating. The ore terminal, coal terminal, and container terminal showed inefficient results. In particular, it was analyzed that the efficiency of the container terminal was the worst. It is necessary to establish strategies such as promotion of automation for container terminals and marketing in consideration of regional characteristics. This study diagnosed the operation status of Yeosu·Gwangyang port and could be utilized as a reference for establishing the development strategies for Yeosu·Gwangyang port.

지역물류단지 최적 입지선정을 위한 방법론 연구

진무위 ( Maowei Chen ),이향숙 ( Hyangsook Lee ) 한국로지스틱스학회 2017 로지스틱스연구 Vol.25 No.4

물류단지란 물류단지시설과 지원시설을 집단적으로 유치, 육성하여 화물이동의 효율성을 높이기 위한 시설이다. 정부에서는 매 5년마다 물류시설개발종합계획을 통해 물류단지를 포함한 주요 물류시설의 배치계획을 수립함으로써 국가의 합리적, 균형적 물류시스템 구축을 도모하고 있다. 그러나 거시적인 관점에서 지역별 화물처리 수요, 공급 우선순위에 대해 언급할 뿐 가능입지, 추진방법 등 구체적 추진계획은 포함하지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 ‘물류단지 최적 입지선정을 위한 프로세스’를 제시하고자 한다. 우선 ArcGIS를 활용한 토지분석을 통해 물류단지로서 적합한 대상지를 파악하고, 접근성, 주변환경 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 후보지를 선별한다. 이어서 물류시설 위치 및 처리 물동량을 입력변수로 하는 p-median모형을 적용하여 가장 적합한 후보지를 최종 선정한다. 본 연구에서 개발한 프로세스를 충청남도 사례에 적용함으로써 방법론의 적용 가능성을 검증해 본다. 본 연구의 결과는 물류시설개발종합계획, 지역물류기본계획 등 관련 계획의 효율적 추진 및 물류기업체의 시설 투자를 위한 참고자료로 활용될 수 있다. The government establishes 'logistics facilities development plan' every 5 year to promote reasonable and efficient development of the national logistics system. However, the plan focuses on freight demand and supply priority excluding detailed action plans like possible locations, construction strategies, etc. This research proposes 'optimal location selection process of logistics complex'. First, land analysis is conducted using ArcGIS to find possible locations and then accessibility and surrounding environment are analyzed to choose several potential sites. Next, the p-median model considering logistics facility locations and their freight movement is appled to select the optimal locations. A case study is shown to demonstrate application possibility of the proposed methodologies. The results of the research can be used as a good guideline and reference for making logistics relevant plans and polices.

Development of a Decision Making System for Installing Unmanned Parcel Lockers: Focusing on Residential Complexes in Korea

이향숙,Maowei Chen,Hoang Thai Pham,추상호 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.23 No.6

The distribution of unmanned parcel lockers is projected to proliferate nationwide significantly as it is promoted by the government for its potential to increase public safety and convenience. This study presents a decision making system that sequentially integrates the processes of finding potential locations, determining the number of locations, and selecting the optimal locations for effective installation of unmanned parcel lockers. First of all, the location requirements including the neighborhood, accessibility, and public facilities in the area are defined. Then, the number of locations and the optimal location are determined using the location setcovering model and the p-median model, respectively. The suitability and effectiveness of the decision making system are verified through an application to a residential complex located in Incheon Metropolitan City in Korea. This study provides guidelines and references for the effective implementation of distributing unmanned parcel lockers and contributes to prevention of violent crimes by impersonating a delivery person and the economic benefit from increased users of the parcel delivery service.

Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-responsive gold nanoparticles (AuNP) to form ‘Clicked’ Nanoclusters

신지운,유혁상,손영주,maowei,이주원,박재근 한국고분자학회 2019 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.44 No.1

서울시메트로9호선㈜ 신호 설비 대체투자에 대한 타당성 연구

김치훈(Chihoon Kim),진무위(Maowei Chen),이향숙(Hyangsook Lee) 한국철도학회 2020 한국철도학회논문집 Vol.23 No.8

여수광양항만 발전전략의 우선순위 분석 연구

이정욱(Lee, Jung-Wook),진무위(Chen, MaoWei),이향숙(Lee, Hyang-Sook),윤경준(Yun, Kyong-Jun) 한국항만경제학회 2021 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.37 No.3

여수광양항은 부산항, 인천항, 울산항, 평택당진항과 함께 국내 5대 항만으로써 남해안의 무역 거점의 역할을 담당하고 있다. 부산항에 이어 물동량 2위의 규모이며, 수출입 물동량 기준으로는 국내 최대의 항만이다. 세계 최대 규모의 화학산업단지인 여수화학산업단지를 주요 배후로 하여 고도성장을 거듭하여 왔으나, 최근에는 물동량의 증가세가 감소하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 여수광양항의 발전을 위한 주요 발전전략을 발굴하고, 전략의 우선순위를 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 AHP 분석기법을 이용하여 여수광양항의 발전전략을 운영 활성화, 인프라 구축, 정책지원의 3가지 대분류로 나누고 다시 기간별로 단·중기와 장기의 두 가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석결과, 단/중기정책에서는 ‘컨테이너부두 통합운영 및 경쟁력 강화’가 가장 중요한 것으로 평가되었다. 컨테이너 운영사의 통합 및 초대형 선박입항에 대비한 항로개설, 대형크레인 설치 등이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 장기정책에서는 ‘지역산업기반 고부가가치산업 육성’이 가장 중요한 것으로 평가되었다. 정착지원금제도 등을 통해 외부 지역의 기업유치하기 위한 전략이 필요할 것으로 사료 된다. 본 연구의 결과는 여수광양항의 발전전략을 수립하고, 투자 우선순위를 정립하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Yeosu Gwangyang Port, along with Busan Port, Incheon Port, Ulsan Port, and Pyeongtaek Dangjin Port, serves as Korea"s top five ports for trade on the southern coast. It is the second largest port in Korea after Busan Port, and the largest port in terms of import and export volume. Yeosu Chemical Industrial Complex, the world"s largest chemical industrial complex, has continued to grow rapidly, but recently, the increase in volume has been decreasing. Therefore, this study sought to find major development strategies for the development of Yeosu Gwangyang Port and to derive the priorities of the strategies. To this end, the development strategy of Yeosu Gwangyang Port was divided into three major categories: operation revitalization, infrastructure construction, and policy support using the AHP analysis technique and analyzed again in two aspects: short, medium, and long term. As a result of the analysis, "integrated operation of container docks and strengthening competitiveness" were considered the most important in short- and medium-term policies. It is believed that it will be necessary to integrate container operators, establish routes in preparation for entry of super-large ships, and install large cranes. In the long-term policy, the most important thing was to foster high value-added industries based on local industries. It is believed that strategies are needed to attract companies from outside regions through the settlement support system. The results of this study are expected to be used to establish development strategies for Yeosu Gwangyang Port and to establish investment priorities.