Impact of Foreign Debt on Economic Growth in Sri Lanka

MANS, Fernando 고려대학교 국제대학원 2017 국내석사

Foreign financial assistances have become one of the major budgetary requirements to the low-income countries. Looking at the Sri Lankan context, Sri Lanka also has to depend on foreign finance due to budget and current account deficit. Although Sri Lanka has been categorized as a lower middle-income country based on the better performance of financial and social indicators, yet the country is striving to take necessary measures in achieving the next development step. In this context, foreign debt plays an important role in providing assistance to increase required physical and human capital. However, within the current development scenario, Sri Lanka has confronted with the challenge to reduce the concessional benefits enjoyed so far as a low-income country. Moreover, the dynamic world economic environment has made difficulties for the countries to rely on foreign debt, debt availability and repayment obligations. Therefore, foreign debt and its impact assessment is certainly an important element and it will support strategic foreign debt management. This research has focused to find the foreign debt and its repayments impact to the Sri Lankan economic development. To find impact, the data have been used from 1980 to 2014 and used Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to analysis the data. Additionally, graphs interpretation methods have been used to confirm the statistical results. According to the statistical analysis, foreign debt has made a positive impact on GDP growth rate while debt repayment has made negative impact. Both foreign debt and debt repayment show non-linear and statistically significant relationship with GDP growth rate. Even though, the statistical and empirical evidence have shown positive impact, currently Sri Lanka has been struggling to overcome foreign debt difficulties. This research test results and empirical evidence have proved that, still Sri Lanka has a capacity to overcome debt difficulties through sound economic management strategies.

Total synthesis and revision of the proposed structure of briarellin J

Mans, Mark Christopher The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

The total synthesis of the originally proposed structure of briarellin J is reported in twenty-three linear steps from commercially available starting materials. Key reactions in the synthesis include an exo-selective Diels-Alder cycloaddition and a substrate-controlled stereoselective hydroboration. A revised structure of briarellin J is proposed based on evidence from the total synthesis, the proposed biosynthesis, and the original isolation data. The revised structure is proposed to be the C11 epimer of the originally proposed structure. Progress toward the synthesis of the revised structure is reported.

Search for a Higgs boson decaying to massive vector boson pairs at LEP

Mans, Jeremiah Michael Princeton University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

In the Standard Model, the Higgs boson is responsible for mass-generation and stabilizing the electroweak interaction at high energies. The boson has not been observed and the Standard Model does not predict its mass. Direct searches have excluded the existence of a Higgs boson with a mass less than 113 GeV. Searches to date have focussed on b-quark decays of the Higgs, but the model predicts an increased branching fraction to massive vector boson pairs for a heavier Higgs. In some extensions of the Standard Model which predict multiple Higgs bosons, the lightest Higgs boson couples primarily to bosons, not fermions. Results excluding these “fermiophobic” models have used the two-photon decay to date, but for Higgs masses above 100 GeV, the decay to massive vector boson pairs dominates. In this dissertation, I present the first search for a Higgs boson decaying to massive vector boson pairs. The search is based on data collected by the L3 experiment at CERN during the 1999–2000 period. The search uses the Higgsstrahlung production mode where the Higgs is radiated from an off-shell Z boson, so the analysis must include the decay of the Z boson as well as the decay of the two W or Z bosons from the Higgs decay. The events will contain six final state fermions, and the decays of the W and Z define nine different channels for the h → WW search. I present the details and results of analyses for six of the channels. The combined analyses exclude a fermiophobic Higgs decaying to massive vector boson pairs for 83.8 GeV < <italic>m</italic>_h < 104.2 GeV at a 95% confidence level with an unexcluded region between 88.8 GeV < <italic>m</italic>_h < 89.6 GeV. Monte Carlo predictions of the analyses' performance predict an exclusion range of 86.8 GeV < <italic>m</italic>_h < 107.5 GeV. I also present model-independent branching ratio limits for the massive vector boson search, as well as a scan of the fermiophobic plane combining with the results of the LEP h → γγ search.

인간 개념에 대한 미셸 푸코의 고고학적 비판 : 『말과 사물』과 『서설』의 칸트 해석을 중심으로 : Interpretation about I. Kant in 『The Oder of Things』 and 『Introduction』

고유한 서강대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

The purpose of this paper is to formalize and synthetically understand Michel Foucault’s critical thesis about modern concept of man, in 『The Oder of Things』 and 『Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology』. 『The Oder of Things』 illuminates the question that what are the epistemological foundations of empirical knowledges in the West, during the period from the Renaissance to modern time, and that how these foundations related to emergence of concept of man. 『Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology』, otherwise, examines the relation between the theoretical course of Kant and his concept of man. Foucault says that man is neither the oldest nor the most constant problem that has been posed for human knowledge and that it would be erased, like a face drawn in sand at the edge of the sea. Man’s finitude being placed in central position of our philosophical discourse, the basic epistemological foundations of knowledges which we have called ‘human science’ or ‘humanity’ are prepared. And then, for the first time, Western culture crossed the threshold beyond which we recognize their modernity when finitude was conceived in an interminable cross-reference with itself. Archaeology is defined as the study about épistèmè, the ‘historical a priori’ of emergences of knowledges in a certain period. Central to Foucault’s Archaeology are three ideas: First, there is only total discontinuity between the each épistèmè in adjacent periods. Next, épistèmè of a certain period depends on the viewpoint about order of things. And last, épistèmè depends on the viewpoint about languages and signs also. On these major premises, Foucault studies épistèmè of Renaissance, Classical age and modern. Accordig to 『The Oder of Things』, as the knowledge’s positivity gets out of the Classical age, man could be dealt with as subject and object of representations at once. As Foucault likened to 《Las Meninas》 of Velázquez, it was impossible that external problems from representations become an issue in Classical age. Therefore, man never had emerged as subject-object double of representations. But when épistèmè was liberated from representation, man was grown to be dealt with as doubles in earnest. This discontinuity established in 『The Oder of Things』 can be seen at the Foucault’s interpretation of Kant in 『Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology』. Kant fell to deal with man as a double in 『Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View』 for the first time. Thus Foucault determinates the epistemological framework of 『Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View』 as the inquiry of ‘the original(l’originaire)’, and he establishes discontinuity between 『Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View』 and inquiry of ‘a priori’, the thesis of 『Critique of Pure Reason』. Moreover, Foucault suggests that the aged Kant’s question about ‘the fundamental(le fondamental)’ finitude of man could be appeared only through 『Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View』. It is the reason for why 『Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View』 becomes the moment of passage from 『Critique of Pure Reason』 to aged Kant’s thesis in 『Logik』 and 『Opus Postumum』 that 『Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View』 shares positivity with other contemporaneous writer’s texts in ‘anthropology’, the empirical science in 18th century. Therefore 『Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology』 explains the possibility of concept of man through the discontinuity. But Foucault goes further in 『The Oder of Things』 than 『Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology』. Beyond the discussion about discontinuity between Classical age and modern on épistèmè, he presupposes the language as the fundamental theme for imminent épistèmè. Foucault reasons out a conclusion that the logic of repetition provided by language enables modern to think the concept of man, and also predicts that radical thought about this theme may gives direction to the non-anthropological thought. 이 논문은 미셸 푸코가 『말과 사물』과 『서설』에서 제시한 근대적 인간 개념에 대한 비판의 정식화와 종합적 이해를 목표로 하고 있다. 『말과 사물』은 르네상스 시대부터 고전주의 시대를 거쳐 근대에 이르기까지, 서양의 경험적 지식이 어떤 인식론적 배치들을 조건으로 수립될 수 있었는지, 그리고 이 배치의 변화가 인간의 출현과 어떤 관계를 맺고 있는지를 검토하는 저작이다. 반면 『서설』은 칸트라는 한 사상가의 전체적 사유의 도정과 그의 인간 개념 사이의 관계를 검토한다. 푸코는 인간이 "지식에 제기된 가장 유구한 문제도 가장 지속적인 문제도 아니"며, 기껏해야 150년 전에 발명된, 그래서 언젠가는 "바닷가 모래사장에 그려 놓은 얼굴처럼 사라질" 형상에 불과하다고 말한다. 우리가 인문학, 또는 인간과학이라고 부르는 것들의 기본적인 인식론적 토대는 인간의 유한성이 철학적 담론 안에서 핵심지위를 차지하게 되면서 마련되었다. 그리고 이때 비로소 서구 문화는 "우리가 근대성을 알아보기 시작하는 문턱(seuil)을 넘어섰다." 고고학은 한 시대에 지식들이 출현할 수 있는 역사적 조건인 '에피스테메(épistèmè)'에 대한 탐구로 규정된다. 그리고 이 탐구는 다음과 같은 세 가지 전제 위에서 수행된다. 첫째는 한 시대의 에피스테메와 다른 시대의 에피스테메 사이의 관계는 완전히 불연속적이다. 둘째로 한 시대의 에피스테메는 사물의 질서에 대한 관점에 의존한다. 그리고 마지막으로 에피스테메는 또한 언어와 기호에 대한 관점에도 의존한다. 이러한 전제 위에서 푸코는 르네상스와 고전주의시대 그리고 근대의 지식들의 에피스테메를 탐구한다. 『말과 사물』에 의하면, 지식의 실증성이 고전주의시대로부터 벗어남과 함께, 인간은 재현 너머의 주체인 동시에 대상으로 다룰 수 있게 되었다. 푸코가 벨라스케스의 그림 「시녀들」에 빗대어 설명하듯 고전주의 시대는 재현(représentation, 표상)을 떠난 문제의식을 주제화할 수 없었기 때문에, 인간이 주체인 동시에 대상으로 등장할 수 없었다. 하지만 근대에 이르러 에피스테메가 재현으로부터 탈피하게 됨으로써, 인간은 본격적으로 이중화되어 다루어지기 시작한다. 『말과 사물』에서 푸코가 설정한 고전주의 시대와 근대 사이의 이러한 불연속은 『서설』에서의 칸트 해석에서도 엿보인다. 칸트의 『실용적 관점에서의 인간학』에서 인간은 본격적으로 주체인 동시에 대상으로 다루어지기 시작한다. 그래서 푸코는 『인간학』의 인식론적 틀을 실존의 조건에 대한 문제인 '근원성(l'originaire)'에 대한 탐구로 규정하고, 이를 '선험성(a priori)'에 대한 탐구인 『순수이성비판』과 불연속적인 것으로 설정한다. 그리고 『인간학』의 문제의식을 거쳐서만, 유한한 존재의 '근본성(le fondamental)'에 대한 칸트 노년의 문제의식이 등장할 수 있다고 주장한다. 『인간학』이 이런 매개의 역할을 할 수 있었던 것은 당대의 '인간학'이라는 경험과학의 분야와 실증성을 공유했기 때문이었다. 따라서 『말과 사물』에서와 마찬가지로, 『서설』은 인간에 대한 사유의 가능성을 불연속을 통해 설명하고 있다. 하지만 『말과 사물』에서 푸코는 『서설』에서보다 더 나아간다. 고전주의시대와 근대 사이의 불연속에 대한 논의를 넘어, 그는 새로운 에피스테메에 진입할 수 있는 근본주제로 언어를 제시한다. 푸코는 언어가 제공해주는 반복의 논리 덕분에 근대에 인간이 사유될 수 있었으며, 이 언어에 대한 철저한 사유가 비(非)인간학적 사유의 가능성을 제시해줄 것이라 조심스럽게 전망한다.

A study on biblical healing counseling

김만홍 Kingsway Theological Seminary 1997 해외박사

Many people, whom we might call clients, live self-centered lives, and are desperate for healing. Therefore. They require true assistance from the counselors who have already experienced victorious lives. It is certain that they can help the clients to enjoy abundant life through the principles of Biblical Healing promised by Jesus. It is also true that this study is designed for those clients. In chapter 2, I explained that the self-centered man has some emotional and spiritual problems including illness due to psychic courses when he does not experience Biblical Healing. In Chapter 3, I introduced these principles of Biblical Healing and showed some examples of the abundant life. Chapter 7 clarified what genuine spiritual maturity is. The characteristics of Christ's presence in man's life were revealed in chapter 8. In the last chapter, I emphasized that God is the only Healer in Biblical Healing. I want to finish this study by summarizing some attitudes of the counselors and the clients, which must be paid lose attention to. First, the role of the counselor is so important that they should experience Biblical Healing themselves before they make an attempt to heal others. They need to be prepared. God will lead the counselor in His will. "Remember how the Lord your God led you all the way in the desert these forty years, to humble you and to test you in order to know what was in your heart, whether or not you would keep his commands" (Deuteronomy 8:2) God allowed the people to despair who were once enslaved by Egyptians. Israel was changed as she went through many tests, so that God could use her for His glorious purpose. It is true that everyone needs to be trained in hardship before he works for God. The counselor should learn how God heals him during the testing time. Unless the self is put to death, how can he help others? This is the furnace of affliction (Isaiah 48:10). God wants to work on us first and then others. The Lord calls the counselor in His grace to serve Him. He has to make the counselor humble in His sight. God, in His wisdom, allows the counsellor to bear afflictions to taste the power of the resurrection (Philippians 3:10) God is the best Counselor for the counselors. "We die for Jesus in order that His life may be revealed through us. " We should know that this is the only way God chooses. Secondly, God is a true Healer in counseling and we should allow the Holy Spirit to work through the process of healing(Zechariah 4:6). Henceforth, the counselor does not heal the clients for himself, but serves them as a spiritual guide. For this work, he should abandon the role as a healer and commit himself to the Holy Spirit so that He will change the client's life. This is the most difficult job for him. It is natural that the counselor wants to help the client when he is in pain or feels unstable. But it is difficult for him to let the Lord work in the client's life by waiting for the changes made by the Holy Spirit. It is said that the counselor is only a tool used by the Holy Spirit. Healing will be achieved by the true counselor, the Holy Spirit. The counseling by the Holy Spirit results in the release from spiritual or mental problems caused by a maladjusted life. Thirdly, it is necessary that the client should admit his inability to resolve his own problems. He must surrender to Jesus Christ and truly believe the things promised by God in the Bible. It is no use trying to crucify himself on the cross. It is impossible to crucify ourselves on the cross for ourselves. Therefore, know the truth of the Bible. "Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free" (John 8:32). "I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me...' (Galatians 2:20). Each of God's children is special to God. It does not mean that God just wants to help His children but means that He longs to redeem us from all problems! The criminal in prison does not need just help in prison, but the release from the prison. In Psalm 142:7, David says "Set me free from my prison, that I may praise your name." When our will is submitted to God's control, we are able to keep the promises of Psalm 50:14,15 deep in our mind. " Sacrifice thank offerings to God, fulfill your vows to the Most High, and call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver you and you will honor me." God saves us from unhappiness due to the self-centered life so that not only are we filled with joy and rest, but also he is honored by us. This is a mystery. "To them God has chosen to make known among the Gentiles the glorious riches of this mystery, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory." (Colossians 1:27) In Galatians 2:20, Paul says, "1 have been crucified with Christ" God challenges us to receive all sources of Christ as ours. "And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus" (Philippians 4:7). Fourthly, we should understand the true purpose of Jesus coming into this world. God sent his one and only son to us in order that we can be saved from sin. "Here is a trustworthy saying that deserves full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners-of whom I am the worst"(I Timothy 1:15). However God doesn't allow us to work for Him through our old self after we are saved and forgiven. We are not redeemed from sin to remain in trouble. God's will is to reconcile us with Him and to bring us out of self-centered life. In addition, he is eager to work through us. Jesus came that we might have life and have it abundantly. (John 10:10). It is God who can give us a happy or an abundant life. These facts should be accepted by us. "For the Lord your God is bringing you into a good land with streams and pools of water, with springs flowing in the valleys and hills; a land with wheat and barley, vines and fig trees, pomegranates, olive oil and honey; a land where bread will not be scarce and you will lack nothing; a land where the rocks are iron and you can dig copper out of the hills." (Deuteronomy 8:7-9).(NIV)

Investigating novel immunomodulatory roles of prostate-specific antigen

Manning, Michael L The Johns Hopkins University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease expressed almost exclusively by normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. Remarkably high levels of enzymatically active PSA are present in the extracellular fluid surrounding the normal prostate. This high level expression of PSA continues in prostate cancer (PCa) cells even as they become increasingly less differentiated and lose the morphological characteristics of the normal prostate gland. On this basis PSA is best known for its use as a biomarker for the screening of PCa, or to detect recurrence after therapy. The continued high-level expression of PSA throughout the stages of PCa suggests it may have a role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of disease, but surprisingly there has been relatively little interest in understanding the role of PSA in the pathobiology of PCa. The studies described herein suggest a previously uncharacterized function of PSA as an immunoregulatory protease that may help to create an environment hospitable to malignancy through the inactivation of the complement system. I also propose the hypothesis that PCa cells have assimilated this immunoregulatory role from healthy cells as this activity may exist under normal circumstances to aid in fertility. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2012 in the United States alone there will be 241,740 new diagnoses of PCa and 28,170 men will die from the disease. This places prostate cancer at #2 on the unenviable list of leading causes of cancer death in American men. Hormone therapy, discovered in the 1940's, is the first line of treatment for metastatic PCa and is accepted to be largely palliative in nature. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for novel targeted therapeutics to offer men an increased survival benefit. A therapeutic approach championed by our laboratory yet not fully exploited is the use of PSA-activated prodrugs and protoxins for the targeted therapy of PCa. In this thesis I describe two attempts at applying PSA-activation technology to create new therapeutic options for PCa patients. The first therapeutic is an innovative humanized pore-forming immunotoxin while the second utilizes cell penetrating peptides to deliver cytotoxins in a controlled manner.

Evaluating the Status of Housing and Living in Poor Communities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Kimchhuon MAN 서울시립대학교 국제도시과학대학원 2016 국내석사

The housing problem in the poor community has become a common problem of all cities in the world especially the cities in the developing or in less developed countries. This thesis provides an review of the developments of ‘affordable housing’ in Phnom Penh, and a brief introduction of the relevant situation in urban poor in 10 communities in Khan Sensok (District), in order to find out some applicable policy suggestions for the development of Phnom Penh city’s affordable housing market from such previous experiences. Results of the reviewing research documents could help us to evaluate the situation in poor community livelihood and improvement. The ratio of females to males of the families in the poor communities is 52 (48 per cent) males; we noticed that the most income in the poor families is earned by the man. 51% of the families are headed by men, 25% headed by the women, 15% supported by widower, and 9% headed by the elderly people (Grandmother/ grandfather). Most people in the poor communities work as workers in the factories, or construction sites, taxis, entertainment services, and others with low income. Some works as an employee in the public sector. Some women try to work with part time jobs such as handicraft and sewing the pillow and blankets. There are 20 per cent of the families possessing a motorbike which is both a transportation mean and a business asset. The motorbike is very important for their daily lives. The poor family communities always live in debt. They borrow money from private sectors, banks or other funds. Most of them are borrowing with a high interest rate. They borrow for running their own small business, medical treatment, buying energy food and other need for daily reconstruction and baby delivery. However, in a great majority of urban poor communities’ children have access to a primary school within one kilometer or less away. This is a great achievement in terms of accessibility to primary education. Half of urban poor communities have established a school support committee (SSC). School Support Committees consist of the school principal and community members and they play an important role in school development. A great strength of urban poor communities is that most (86 per cent) have appointed a representative, an important human resource at community the level. They may function as focal persons for government interventions and community consultation. It is very encouraging that most communities (almost 77 per cent) receive assistance from outside institutions or agencies. According to lack of previous research documents, the related studies should be conducted and focus on the root causes and appropriate solutions for successful development of poor communities in the city. 빈민지역 주택 문제는 특히 개발도상국 또는 저개발국가 도시에서 흔히 볼 수 있다. 본 논문은 캄보디아 프놈펜의 저가 주택 시장 개발에 적용할 수 있는 정책을 제안하기 위해 프놈펜의 '저가 주택'을 검토하고 칸 센속(지역)의 도시 빈민지역 현황을 간략하게 조사했다. 먼저 도시 빈민지역 생활 환경을 조사하고 다음을 확인했다. 빈민층 가구의 남녀 성비는 1보다 큰 52:48였고, 가계 수입은 대부분 남성이 책임지고 있었다. 조사 대상 가구의 51%는 남성이, 25%는 여성이, 15%는 미망인이, 9%는 고령자가 가장을 맡고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 직업은 공장, 건설현장, 택시운송, 오락 서비스 및 기타 저소득 직종에 종사하는 경우가 많았다. 그 외에 공공 부문이나 여성들의 경우 수공예품 및 침구 바느질 등 시간제 일자리에 종사하는 경우도 있었다. 빈민층 가족의 20%는 운송 또는 생계 수단으로 오토바이를 보유하고 있었다. 빈민층에서 오토바이는 일상에서 다양한 용도로 사용할 수 있는 매우 중요한 생활 도구이다. 또한 빈민층은 언제나 빚을 안고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 일반적으로 민간, 은행 또는 기타 기금에서 고금리로 대출하여 사업, 치료, 분만 및 전기, 식품 및 기타 생활비로 사용했다. 반면 도시 빈민층 자녀들은 대부분 1km 거리 내에 있는 초등 학교에 다니는 것으로 나타나 초등 교육 접근성의 관점에서 매우 고무적인 결과를 보였다. 도시 빈민지역의 절반 정도에는 학교후원위원회(SSC: School Support Committee)가 설치되어 있었다. 학교후원위원회는 학교 교장과 지역 주민으로 구성되어 있고 학교 발전에 중요한 역할을 한다. 또한 도시 빈민지역의 86%는 지역 대표를 선정하고, 이들이 지역의 중요한 인적 자원으로서 정부 개입과 지역 사회 자문을 중재하는 역할을 하고 있었다. 그 외에도 도시 빈민지역의 거의 77%가 외부 기구 또는 기관의 지원을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 이들 조사 결과를 토대로 저가 주택 공급을 포함하여 도시 빈민지역의 생활 수준을 향상할 수 있는 정책을 제안한다.

A Functional linkage between Emerin and Casein Kinase II

Baek, Man Do 경상대학교 대학원 2005 국내석사

What is Emerin? Emerin, a 34 kDa, is a Ser-rich type II inner nuclear membrane protein (Nagano et al., 1996). It is a predominantly hydrophilic protein with a single hydrophobic region supposed to serve as a transmembrane domain. Emerin is localize at the nuclear envelope in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells (Manilal et al., 1996; Mora et al., 1997) skin epidermal cells (Manilal et al., 1998), peripheral blood cells (Manilal et al., 1997) and exfoliated oral cells (Sabatelli et al., 1998). It is proposed that emerin is required for the stability and normal function of rigorously moving nuclei in skeletal muscle and heart. During mitosis, emerin is dispersed throughout the cell showing some association with the midbody of the mitotic spindle, suggesting that one function of emerin is participation in the reformation of nuclear membranes around daughter nuclei. Human emerin which consists of 254 amino acids has a transmembrane domain at the C-terminus and a N-terminal protein binding domain of 222 amino acids protruding into the interior of nucleus. Two regions (red) in the N- and C-terminal portion revealed some similarity to thymopoietin /lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP2) (Fig. 1). Over 15% of amino acids in emerin are serine residues with a serine cluster region (yellow) in the hydrophilic portion. Furthermore, it displays 22 possible phosphorylation sites but only one possible N-glycosylation site. It is supposed to be linked to the inner nuclear membrane/nuclear lamina via the hydrophobic region with the N-terminus projecting into the nucleoplasm (Bione et al., 1994; Ellis et al., 1998; Manilal et al., 1996; Squarzoni et al., 1998). The RGD sequence (brown), known to be important for extracelluar matrix interactions, is also present as well as a consensus bipartite nuclear localization sequence (black) which usually targets soluble proteins to the nucleus. Schematic diagram of emerin at the nuclear inner membrane represents in Fig. 2. Except for the first 108 residues of human LAP2, which are unique, LAP2 and emerin are broadly similar proteins. In addition, they share two regions of high identity, the transmembrane domain and a 43-residue ‘LEM-box’ (Fig. 2). The LEM-box, which is 70% identical among human LAP2β, Emerin and MAN-1, appears to be the only region in emerin with stable globular structure (Wolff et al., 2001). The homology between emerin and LAP2 suggests that they might have similar or overlapping functions. Human Emerin단백질은 254개의 아미노산으로 구성된 분자량 34 kDa의 친수성 단백질로서, 카르복실 말단에 막횡단 도메인 (transmembrane domain)으로 역할을 하는 하나의 소수성 부분을 가지고 있다. 따라서 이 단백질은 핵 내막에 위치하는 type II내재성 막단백질로 분류된다. 단백질의 인산화와 탈인산화 과정은 세포내 신호 전달계에서 중요한 역할을 수행한다. Emerin은 여러 단백질 인산화 효소들(protein kinase)에 의해 다양한 세린 또는 트레오닌 잔기에서 인산화되지만 인산화 시키는 효소와 인산화에 의한 세포 내에서의 기능은 잘 알려져 있지 않다. CKII 는 세린 /트레오닌 단백질 인산화 효소로써, 300개 이상의 기질을 가지며 핵의 전사조절이나 신호 전달 과정 등에 중요한 기능을 한다. 본 실험에서는 이러한 단백질 인산화 효소들 중 casein kinase II (CKII) 와 emerin간의 상호관련성을Yeast two hybid system과 emerin의 돌연변이를 이용하여 조사하였다. 그 결과 CKII 가 emerin의 세린 141 잔기를 in vitro상에서 인산화시킨다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 emerin의 세린 142 잔기와 아미노산 서열1-60 사이의 다른 잔기에서도 CKII 에 의해서 약하게 인산화됨을 확인하였다. 그리고 emerin이 CKII의 α subunit 과 결합하는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이 결합이 이루어지기 위해서는 LEM domain을 제외한 emerin의 모든 soluble region이 필요하다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 또한 emerin이 CKII 와 결합함으로써 calmodulin의 인산화를 억제됨을 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과들은 CKII 기능이 emerin과 매우 가깝게 연관되어 있다는 사실을 보여준다.

Expression of NDRG2 in Renal cell and Breast carcinomas and Its Clinicopathologic Significance

양철룡 충남대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

NDRG2 (N-myc downstream regulated gene-2)는 4개의 아형을 가진 NDRG family의 하나로서, 광범위한 조직에서 발현되는 NDRG1에 비해 뇌, 심장, 근육 등에 제한적으로 발현되는 분화관련 유전자로써 세포의 성장과 세포사멸 유도를 통한 세포의 증식반응 조절 및 면역세포인 수지상 세포의 분화과정 등에 관여하는 것으로 보고되였다. 또한 NDRG2는 세포의 스트레스 응답에 관여하고 신경계통질병에 참여하며 ENaC 조절인자이며 IL10 생성을 억제한다고 보고되였다. 최근 뇌암, 간암, 췌장암 등의 암 조직에서 NDRG2 발현이 억제되어 있는 현상이 관찰되어 종양 억제 기능이 있는 것으로 보고되었고 암 조직에서 NDRG2 발현 억제는 NDRG2 promoter methylation, mutation, gene deletion 등에 의한 것으로 보고되였다. 비록 분화관련 유전자인 NDRG2는 종양억제 유전자 후보로 추정되지만 인체의 신장암과 유방암에서의 정확한 역할은 아직 잘 모른다. 저희는 우선 신장암 환자의 조직에서 면역조직화학방법으로 NDRG2 발현양상과 임상적 연관성을 관찰한 결과 NDRG2 발현은 의미진진하게 암 사이즈 >10 cm (P = 0.012) 그리고 높은 핵등급 (P = 0.003) 환자에서 감소되였다. 또한 다변량 분석결과 감소된 NDRG2는 환자 생존율의 나쁜 예후인자로 지시되였다 (recurrence-free survival, HR, 7.901; disease-specific survival, HR, 15.395; overall survival, HR, 11.339; P < 0.001 for all parameters). NDRG2 과발현 신장암세포주를 이용한 in vitro 연구 결과, NDRG2 발현이 세포의 성장과 운동성을 억제하였고 또한 상피-중간엽 과도 (EMT)에 관여하는 유전자들을 조절하였다. 예를들면 Snail, Slug, 그리고 SIP1을 감소시켰고 또한 E-cadherin negative 신장암세포에서 E-cadherin을 회복시켰다. 다음 다섯명 유방암 수술환자의 대응하는 정상조직과 암조직을 western blot방법으로 검증했을 때 암조직에서 NDRG2 발현이 현저히 줄었고 269예의 침윤성암종과 부근의 정상조직, 그리고 35예의 관내암종과 부근의 정상조직을 면역조직화학방법으로 염색강약을 보았을 때 정상조직에 비해 암조직에서의 NDRG2발현은 현저히 감소하였다. 면역조직화학염색 강약에 근거하여NDGR2-양성(High level) 암종과 NDRG2-음성 (Negative/Low level) 암종으로 분류한 후 예후인자 (ER, PR, p53, HER2)를 포함한 환자의 임상적 특징과의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 저희는 분화가 나쁠수록; ER, PR 발현이 적을수록; 그리고 변이한 p53 발현이 많을수록 NDRG2 발현이 많은 것을 관찰하였다. 또한 유방암 세포 MCF-7 (ER–positive, PR–positive and wild-type p53 cell line)과 MDA-MB-231 (ER-negative, PR-negative and mutated p53 cell line)에서 NDRG2의 발현양상을 관찰하였더니 MDA-MB-231에서 발현이 더 많은 것을 관찰할수 있었다. NDRG2는 주로 세포질에 위치해 있는 것에 근거하여 NDRG2 negative/세포질 염색과 세포핵/세포막 염색 두 그릅으로 분류한후 환자의 임상적 특징과의 상관관계를 분석하였더니 재미있게 분화가 나쁠수록; ER, PR 발현이 적을수록; 그리고 변이한 p53, HER2 발현이 많을수록 NDRG2 세포핵/세포막 발현이 많은 것을 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과는 NDRG2는 암억제 유전자로서 신장암과 유방암에 참여할것이라고 예정되고 NDRG2 발현 소실은 나쁜예후인자로 신장암 환자의 생존율을 예측할수 있었으며 이는 가능하게 신장암 예후 바이오마크로 사용할수 있을것이라고 생각된다. 하지만 NDRG2가 암억제 유전자로 볼 때 유방암은 신장암과 달리 유방암 환자에서는 변이 되였을 것으로 추정되며 NDRG2가 유방암 세포에서의 재분포는 의미진진하게 유방암의 성장과 증식에 관여할것이라고 생각된다. 이는 NDRG2의 상세한 기전을 연구탐색하면서 흥미로운점이라고 생각되며 나아가서 더욱 많은 연구가 필요할것이라고 생각된다.

만화 굿즈 상품의 속성이 구매만족도와 재구매의도에 미치는 영향

MAN ZIWEI 경희대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 만화 굿즈의 구매만족도와 재구매의도에 영향을 미치는 원인을 구체적으로 탐색하고 이들의 영향관계를 파악하는 것이다. 이를 위해 애착이론, 팬덤동일시, 소비가치가 만화 굿즈 구매에 미치는 영향을 검증했다. 소비자 가치 이론에서는 감정적 가치, 사회적 가치, 자아적 가치, 기능적 가치 및 개성추구적 가치의 5 가지 측면에서 측정 차원을 제안하였다. 구매만족도와 재구매의도 외에도 위와 같은 독립변인이 구전의도에 영향을 미친다는 가설을 제기하고 있다. 가설을 검증하기 위해 중국 10~50 대 남녀 327 명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시한 결과, 몰입형 애착 유형은 만화 굿즈 구매에 따른 소비가치에 큰 영향을 미치고(+) 팬덤이 형성하는 팬덤동일시는 애착과 소비가치 모두에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그 외 소비가치는 만화 굿즈의 만족도 및 재구매의도에 의미 있는 플러스(+) 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, 구매 만족도 역시 구전의도와 만화 굿즈 재구매의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 연구는 만화팬덤이라는 특정 소비층 애착이론을 학술적으로 확대 적용하였으며, 독립변수와 종속변수의 관계를 탐색하는 토대 위에서 매개변수를 규명하여 만족도와 재구매의도에 대한 예측변인을 다각도로 탐구하였다는 데 의의가 있다. 또한, 만화 굿즈 마케팅에 대한 이해를 실무적으로 넓히고 향후 홍보 가이드라인을 제시하여 효과적인 마케팅 전략 방안을 제시하고자 한다. The purpose of this study is to specifically explore the causes affecting the purchase satisfaction and repurchase intention of cartoon goods and to identify their influence relationships. To this end, the impact of attachment theory, fandom identification, and consumption value on the purchase of cartoon goods was verified. Consumer value theory proposed measurement dimensions in five aspects: emotional value, social value, self-value, functional value, and personality-seeking value. In addition to purchase satisfaction and repurchase intention, it is hypothesized that the above independent variables affect word of mouth intention. According to an online survey of 327 men and women in their 10s and 50s in China to verify the hypothesis, immersive attachment types have a significant impact on the consumption value of comic goods purchases (+). In addition, consumption value had a meaningful positive (+) effect on the satisfaction and repurchase intention of cartoon goods. In addition, purchase satisfaction also has a positive effect on word of mouth and intention to repurchase cartoon goods. This study is meaningful in that it academically expanded the attachment theory of a specific consumer group called cartoon fandom and explored predictive variables for satisfaction and repurchase intention from various angles by identifying parameters on the basis of exploring the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In addition, we would like to expand our understanding of cartoon goods marketing in practice and present future promotional guidelines to present effective marketing strategy measures.