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Spatial Distribution of Urination by Cattle in a Daytime Grazing System
Hirata, M.,Higashiyama, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1997 Animal Bioscience Vol.10 No.5
Spatial distribution of urination by Japanese Black heifers and steers was investigated, and compared with the distribution of defecation. The animals grazed a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum $Fl\ddot{u}gge$) pasture in the daytime, and spent the rest of the day in a barn. The distribution of urination to the pasture was greater than that expected from the proportion of time that the animals spent in the pasture. Correspondingly, the distribution was smaller in the barn. Such a distribution pattern of urination to the pasture and barn was similar to that of defecation, and affected by the intake of supplement on the previous day. The distribution of urination within the pasture, i.e. the distribution to the paddock, alley and resting area, was often uneven on an area basis. The animals often urinated sparsely in the alley and resting area, while they urinated in the paddock almost proportionally to its area. This was a clear contrast to the distribution pattern of defecation, which was sparse in the paddock and dense in the resting area. The degree of aggregation of urination in the paddock, alley and resting area varied with the meteorological factors and the intake of supplement.
Hirata, M.,Iwamoto, T.,Otozu, W.,Kiyota, D. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.5
The effects of recording interval (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min) on the estimation of some grazing behavior variables in beef cows and calves (<4 months old) were investigated in a daytime grazing (7 h) system utilizing a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pasture (a 1.1 ha paddock and a 0.4 ha resting area). Recording intervals of 10-30 min tended to underestimate the time spent grazing and ruminating and overestimate the time spent resting by animals, whereas intervals of 1-5 min resulted in almost constant estimates. In all grazing activities, the errors of estimation became larger when the recording interval exceeded 5 min. The accuracy of estimation was higher for grazing time>rumination time>resting time. An increase in recording interval always decreased estimates of the distance walked by animals. It was concluded that recording intervals of 1-5 min provide reliable estimates of the time spent grazing, ruminating and resting. It was also concluded that positioning of animals at 1 min intervals may provide estimates of walking distance with acceptable bias toward underestimation.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FAECES BY CATTLE IN A DAYTIME GRAZING SYSTEM
Hirata, M.,Higashiyama, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.5
Spatial distribution of faeces by Japanese Black heifers and steers was investigated. The animals grazed a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum $Fl\ddot{u}gge$) pasture in the daytime from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., and spent the rest of the day in a barn. The pasture consisted of three paddocks, an alley and a resting area, and the paddocks were grazed rotationally. The number of defecations and the faecal weight excreted in the pasture were greater than those expected from the proportion of time that the animals spent in the pasture. These values were correspondingly smaller in the barn. The distribution of faeces to the paddock, alley and resting area of the pasture was usually not proportional to the area of the respective places. The number of defeations and the faecal weight were usually distributed less densely in the paddock than in the resting area. The degree of aggregation of defecation in the paddock, alley and resting area varied with the meteorological factors such as the air temperature, solar radiation and rainfall during the grazing, and the intake of hay supplement of the previous day.
Search for the H Dibaryon in (K-, K+) Reactions
Bahk,S. Y.,Chung,K. S,Chung,S. H.,Funahashi,H.,Hahn,C. H.,Hara,T.,Hirata,S.,Hoshino,K.,Ieiri,M.,Iijima,T.,Imai,K.,Ishigami,T.,Itow,Y.,Kazuno,M.,Kikuchi,K.,Kim,C. O.,Kim,D. C.,Kim,J. Y.,Kobayashi,M.,Ko 國立昌原大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1992 基礎科學硏究所論文集 Vol.3 No.-
We have studied(??) reactions from an emulsion target. The S--2H dibaryon has been searched for by the analysis of the ??? momentum spectrum together with emulsion data. No evidence of H production was observed in the mass range of 1.90-2.16 GeV/c². Upper limits for the production cross section of the H are (0.2-0.6)% of that for the quasifree ??? production at the 90% confidence level.
High-Power ECRH Experiments in the GAMMA 10 Tandem Mirror
yoshinori Tatematsu,A. Itakura,D. Nagai,H. Higaki,H. Hojo,I. Katanuma,J. Kohagura,K. Nozaki,K. Sakamotoa,K. Ishii,M. Ichimura,M. Yoshikawa,M. Hirata,M. K. Islam,N. Machida,O. Watanabe,T. Imai,T. Numak 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III
Power-up of gyrotrons was carried out and corresponding launcher systems were designed for plug and central-cell ECRH systems in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. Then, a high-power ECRH experiment was started. For the plug ECRH, new 500-kW gyrotrons produced a new record value of the confining potential. For the central-cell ECRH, development of a new antenna system has increased the transmission rate of incident microwave power and focused it onto the machine axis in the resonance surface. As a result, a clear increase of the diamagnetism was observed during the pulse of ECRH.
EFFECTS OF OZONATION AND CHLORINATION ON VIABILITY AND INFECTIVITY OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS
Hirata, T.,Chikuma, D.,Shimura, A.,Hashimoto, A.,Motoyama, N.,Takahashi, K.,Moniwa,T.,Kaneko, M.,Saito, S.,Maede, S. 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1999 環境硏究 Vol.19 No.1
ABSTRACT Experimental studies on ozonation and chlorination were conducted to determine capacity for inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in batch modes at pH 7, 20℃. In both experiments, the log reduction of animal infectivity was linear and clearly decreased as disinfectant CT product increased. However, the curve of reduction in viability determined by both in vitro excystation assay and DAPI/PI permeability assay exhibited a shoulder. The CT products of ozone per 1 log reduction in infectivity were 3 mg·min/L for 0.5 mg/L and 1.5mg·min/L for 0.3 mg/L, while viability determined by in vitro excystation was reduced by only 0.2 logs for the CT product of 3 mg·min/L. In the chlorination experiment, the reduction of animal infectiviry was up to 3 logs for the CT product of 2,700 mg·min/L, while reduction of viability was smaller at 0.16 logs in in vitro excystation and 0.04 logs in DAPI/PI permeability (in PI exclusion)for the same CT product. The CT product of free chlorine per 1 log reduction in infectivity was estimated to be in the range of 800 to 900 mg·min/L Experimental studies on ozonation and chlorination were conducted to determine capacity for inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in batch modes at pH 7, 20℃. In both experiments, the log reduction of animal infectivity was linear and clearly decreased as disinfectant CT product increased. However, the curve of reduction in viability determined by both in vitro excystation assay and DAPI/PI permeability assay exhibited a shoulder. The CT products of ozone per 1 log reduction in infectivity were 3 mg·min/L for 0.5 mg/L and 1.5 mg·min/L for 0.3 mg/L, while viability determined by in vitro excystation was reduced by only 0.2 logs far the CT product of 3 mg·min/L. In the chlorination experiment, the reduction of animal infectivity was up to 3 logs for the CT product of 2,700 mg·min/L, while reduction of viability was smaller at 0.16 logs in in vitro excystation and 0.04 logs in DAPI/PI permeability (in PI exclusion) far the same CT product. The CT product of free chlorine per 1 log reduction in infectivity was estimated to be in the range of 800 to 900 mg·min/L.