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Zur Aktualität von Goethes „Faust. Der Tragödie Zweiter Teil“
Lothar Ehrlich 서울대학교 독일어문화권연구소 2007 독일어문화권연구 Vol.11 No.4
1831년 괴테는 엑커만과의 대화에서 파우스트 2부 4막의 아주 독특한 성격에 대해 이야기한 바 있다. 개별적인 부분들의 독립성, “전체”의 유일무이함과 무궁무진함이 바로 파우스트 작품의 미적 특성이라고 할 수 있다. 이 “전체”라고 하는 것은 “지상의 실존 즉, 생성과 성장, 파괴와 재형성의 영원한 변형 Metamorphose의 풀리지 않은 문제”를 포착하고 상징적-알레고리적 묘사에 이른다. 괴테는 파우스트가 지닌 바로 이러한 “헤아릴 수 없는” 차원을 독자가 잘못 이해하게 될지도 모른다는 염려에서 이 작품을 독자의 손에 넘기기를 꺼려했다. 1832년 괴테는 임종을 5일 앞두고 빌헬름 폰 훔볼트에게 쓴 편지에서 자신의 그동안의 수고가 마치 난파선처럼 산산조각 나버리는 것 같다고 진술한 바 있다. 파우스트 2부의 시의성은 어디에 있는 것일까? 지난 몇 년간 사람들은 작품의 모더니티에, 묘사된 위기에 현재성이 있다는 식으로 답변해왔다. 학계나 연극계에서는 대체로 “파우스트”에 담겨 있는 가공할 만한 “잠재된 위기 Krisenpotential”만을 주로 거론해 왔다. 몇몇 파우스트 공연에서는 심지어 괴테가 형상화했던 “생성과 성장, 파괴와 재형성”의 화해할 수 없는, 모순된, 전체적인 맥락을 등한시하였다. 나는, 파우스트 2부에서 “서로 반추하는 형상들”을 괴테가 기록한 그대로 완벽하게 개별 “세계들 Weltenkreise” 속에서 상연해내야 한다고 생각하지 않는다. 오히려 개별적인 의미맥락들, 예를 들면 비극의 5막에서의 의미맥락들에 초점을 맞춤으로써 특정한 시사적인 연관성을 부각시키는 것도 신선하다고 생각한다. 만일 파우스트를 인간이 추구한 것의 궁극적인 실패에 대한 예로, 즉 인류의 비극이라고 해석한다면 적어도 다음과 같은 두 가지 가능성이 있을 것이다. 영웅의 모순적인 발전을 보여주되, 그가 메피스토와 벌이는 극적인 행동들 속에서 나타나는 행위동기와 형상력들과 함께 그리고 “결합된 두 개의 자연”의 “풀리지 않은 문제들”로서의 “세계들” 속에서 보여주든가, 아니면 현대 Moderne의 실패를 명백히 선언함으로써 도전을 주든가 하는 것이다.
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Prehospital Levetiracetam Use in Adults With Status Epilepticus: Results of a Multicenter Registry
Lothar Burghaus,Marie Madlener,Felix Kohle,Emanuel F. Bruno,Volker Limmroth,Gereon R. Fink,Michael P. Malter 대한신경과학회 2023 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.19 No.4
Background and Purpose Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency due to prolonged seizure activity or multiple seizures without full recovery in between them. Prehospital SE management is crucial since its duration is correlated with higher morbidity and mortality rates. We examined the impact of different therapeutic strategies in the prehospital setting with a focus on levetiracetam. Methods We initiated the Project for SE in Cologne, a scientific association of all neurological departments of Cologne, the fourth-largest city in Germany with around 1,000,000 inhabitants. All patients with an SE diagnosis were evaluated over 2 years (from March 2019 to February 2021) to determine whether prehospital levetiracetam use had a significant effect on SE parameters. Results We identified 145 patients who received initial drug therapy in the prehospital setting by professional medical staff. Various benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives were used as first-line treatments, which were mostly used in line with the recommended guidelines. Levetiracetam was regularly used (n=42) and mostly in combination with BZDs, but no significant additional effect was observed for intravenous levetiracetam. However, it appeared that the administered doses tended to be low. Conclusions Levetiracetam can be applied to adults with SE in prehospital settings with little effort. Nevertheless, the prehospital treatment regimen described here for the first time did not significantly improve the preclinical cessation rate of SE. Future therapy concepts should be based on this, and the effects of higher doses should in particular be reexamined.
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In situ Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins by Recombinant Lactococcus lactis
Lothar Steidler,Sabine Neirynck 한국미생물학회 2003 The journal of microbiology Vol.41 No.2
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, affects around 2 in every 1000 individuals in western countries and its incidence, particularly amongst children, is increasing. IBD shows extreme morbidity with impact on all aspects of quality of life. If left untreated, IBD can lead to death. Conventional treatment of IBD involves powerful immunosuppressive chemotherapies and surgical intervention. Long-term anti-inflammatory medication is required and so patients are often subject to a spectrum of unpleasant side effects. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine that acts to suppress inflammation. When however administered by injection, the high levels of IL-10 that are distributed throughout the body also lead to side effects. Lactococcus lactis can be genetically engineered to secrete biologically active cytokines. When applied to the mucosa, these L. lactis can actively deliver such cytokines. By use of this principle we developed a new therapeutic approach for IBD. Administration of L. lactis that secretes murine IL-10 cures and prevents IBD in mice. The use of the engineered L. lactis gets around the problem of delivering IL-10, allowing dramatic reduction of the effective dose. A sincere concern exists about the possible dangers of uncontrolled, deliberate release of genetically modified microorganisms, such as could occur following application in healthcare. We engaged in the establishment of adequate means for biological growth control of engineered L. lactis by targeted gene exchange between thyA and hIL-10.
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Semantic Modeling of Collocations for Lexicographic Purposes
( Lothar Lemnitzer ),( Alexander Geyken ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2015 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.16 No.3
The study which we will present in this paper aims at investigating and modeling lexical-semantic properties of collocations. Pairs of words that co-occur with statistic salience will be extracted automatically from a large German corpus with the help of the “Wortprofil”, a sketch-engine-like application. From these sets of co-occurring words, collocations in the narrow sense are selected manually. With these data, the following research questions will be addressed a) concerning the collocates: are we able to classify these into lexical-semantic classes and group them accordingly; b) concerning the bases: are we able to find significant numbers of shared collocates for lexicalsemantically related bases and thus reach some form of generalization and regular patterns? In our study we apply the Meaning-Text Theory of Mel’cuk, more precisely, the concept of Lexical Functions (LF). The idea to employ LFs for lexicographic work on collocations is not new. However, the combination of LF with semantic wordnets for the abstraction over individual bases (addressing question b above) is innovative as it has, to the best of our knowledge, not yet been used for modeling a larger subset of collocations in any language. In the study we report here, we have focused on a set of lexical items and theircollocations in order to test the appropriateness of Lexical Functions and to model the phenomena and the intersection of collocates of related base words to generalize collocational patterns. A practical goal of our work will gain a clearer view of how to use lexicalsemantic features for the encoding of collocation in semasiological dictionaries such as the Digitales Worterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (DWDS). A further goal and a contribution to lexicological theory is to better understand the interdependence between regularity and arbitrariness of lexical choice. While the arbitrariness of lexical choice makes collocations hard to learn for the second-language learner, we assume that there are some (sub-)regularities, at least within groups of semantically related headwords. Applied properly to the task of language learning, such regularities should facilitate the acquisition of this part of the vocabulary.
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