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휴대전화 메시지에 나타나는 한국어 모어 화자의 요청 화행 전략 양상
POLLY LOONG 서울대학교 국어교육연구소 2018 국어교육연구 Vol.41 No.-
This research analyzes 100 request conversations between Korean native speakers (KS) in mobile instant messaging (including mobile instant messages and short message service texts) to explore the use of request strategies by KS. The analysis reveals that KS mainly use mobile instant messaging to make new appointments or to request for appointment cancellations or amendments. The most frequently used request strategies are ‘suggestory formulae’, ‘strong hint’ and ‘query preparatory’ for Head acts, and ‘emoticon’, ‘alerter’ and ‘intensifier’ for supportive moves. The top three most frequently used request strategy combinations reveal that KS tend to use ‘alerter’ to initiate requests and ‘imposition minimizer’ before Head acts. Moreover, KS prefer to use ‘grounder’ or ‘descriptive statements of situation’ before or after Head acts to justify the necessity of making the request. In summary, the use of mobile instant messaging to collect real life request conversation materials is considered to be appropriate and effective. Moreover, the data collected from text conversations can be used as an excellent reference material for Korean language students to understand Korean culture and the use of speech act strategies by KS. 본고의 목적은 첫째, 휴대전화 메시지를 통해 한국어 모어 화자(이하 KS)의 요청 대화를 분석함으로써 그들의 요청 화행 전략의 사용 양상을 파악하는 데에 있다. 둘째, 실질적 언어 자료인 휴대전화 메시지가 KS에 관한 화행 연구와 한국어교육의 참고 자료로서 활용 가능한지를 검토하는 데에 있다. 우선 요청 화행 유형별로 비교하면 수집한 총 100개의 휴대전화 메시지에서 제안 상황과 부탁 상황의 빈도가 권유와 초대 상황에 비해 월등하게 높게 나타났다. 이를 통해 KS가 일상생활에서 주로 휴대전화 메시지로 식사 제안하거나 선행 약속을 취소하거나 변경하는 데에 사용하는 것을 파악할 수 있었다. 요청 화행 전략 분석 결과 KS가 가장 많이 사용한 주화행 전략은 제안하기 전략, 암시하기 전략, 요청 조건 확인하기 전략으로, 부가 전략의 경우 이모티콘, 관계 인식시키기 전략, 내용 강조하기 전략으로 나타났다. KS가 사용한 상위 요청 전략의 결합 순서를 살펴보면 KS가 요청 주화행을 언급하기 전에 먼저 관계 인식시키기 전략으로 대화를 제기하는 것과, 요청 행위 약화시키기 전략으로 청자의 체면을 보완하는 동시에 본인의 요청 부담감을 줄이는 경향이 높은 것을 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 상황 진술하기 전략이나 이유 설명하기 전략과의 결합 사용도 상당히 많은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본고의 결과를 통해 휴대전화 메시지는 수집하기 편한 실제적인 언어 자료로서 모어 화자의 대화 전략 양상을 보여 줄 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 한국어교육에서 학습자의 한국어 사용 양상과의 비교 연구나 그들의 한국 언어문화 능력을 함양하는 데도 유용한 제재인 것을 파악할 수 있었다.
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En Loong Soon,Adriel Zhijie Leong,Jean Chiew,Arun-Kumar Kaliya-Perumal,Chun Sing Yu,Jacob Yoong-Leong Oh 대한척추외과학회 2019 Asian Spine Journal Vol.13 No.4
Study Design: Retrospective database analysis. Purpose: To identify risk factors that predict mortality following acute spine fractures in geriatric patients of Singapore. Overview of Literature: Acute geriatric spinal fractures contribute significantly to local healthcare costs and hospital admissions. However, geriatric mortality following acute spine fractures is scarcely assessed in the Asian population. Methods: Electronic records of 3,010 patients who presented to our hospital’s emergency department and who were subsequently admitted during 2004–2015 with alleged history of traumatic spine fractures were retrospectively reviewed, and 613 patients (mean age, 85.7±4.5 years; range, 80–101 years; men, 108; women, 505) were shortlisted. Mortality rates were reviewed up to 1 year after admission and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors correlating with mortality. Results: Women were more susceptible to spine fractures (82.4%), with falls (77.8%) being the most common mechanism of injury. Mortality rates were 6.0%, 8.2%, and 10.4% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The most common causes of death at all 3 time points were pneumonia and ischemic heart disease. Based on the multivariate analysis at 1-year follow-up, elderly women had a lower mortality rate compared to men (p<0.001); mortality rates increased by 6.3% (p=0.024) for every 1-year increase in the patient’s age; and patients with an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score of A–C had a much higher mortality rate compared to those with an ASIA score of D–E (p<0.001). Conclusions: An older age at presentation, male sex, and an ASIA score of A–C were identified as independent factors predicting increased mortality among geriatric patients who sustained acute spine fractures. The study findings highlight at-risk groups for acute spine fractures, thereby providing an opportunity to develop strategies to increase the life expectancy of these patients.
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Wan Loong James Mok,Yong Chen Por,Bien-Keem Tan 대한성형외과학회 2014 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.41 No.6
Background: The distally based sural artery flap is a reliable, local reconstructive option forsmall soft tissue defects of the distal third of the leg. The purpose of this study is to describean adipofascial flap based on a single sural nerve branch without sacrificing the entire suralnerve, thereby preserving sensibility of the lateral foot. Methods: The posterior aspect of the lower limb was dissected in 15 cadaveric limbs. Fourpatients with soft tissue defects over the tendo-achilles and ankle underwent reconstructionusing the adipofascial flap, which incorporated the distal peroneal perforator, shortsaphenous vein, and a single branch of the sural nerve. Results: From the anatomical study, the distal peroneal perforator was situated at an averageof 6.2 cm (2.5-12 cm) from the distal tip of the lateral malleolus. The medial and lateral suralnerve branches ran subfascially and pierced the muscle fascia 16 cm (14-19 cm) proximal tothe lateral malleolus to enter the subcutaneous plane. They merged 1–2 cm distal to thesubcutaneous entry point to form the common sural nerve at a mean distance of 14.5 cm(11.5–18 cm) proximal to the lateral malleolus. This merging point determined the pivot pointof the flap. In the clinical cases, all patients reported near complete recovery of sensationover the lateral foot six months after surgery. All donor sites healed well with a full range ofmotion over the foot and ankle. Conclusions: The distally based sural artery adipofascial flap allowed for minimal sensory loss,a good range of motion, an aesthetically acceptable outcome and can be performed by asingle surgeon in under 2 hours.
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Gracilis pull-through flap for the repair of a recalcitrant recto-vaginal fistula
Wan Loong James Mok,Ming Hui Goh,Choong Leong Tang,Bien-Keem Tan 대한성형외과학회 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.3
Recto-vaginal fistulas are difficult to treat due to their high recurrence rate. Currently, no single surgical intervention is universally regarded as the best treatment option for rectovaginal fistulas. We present a case of recurrent recto-vaginal fistula surgically treated with a gracilis pull-through flap. The surgical goals in this patient were complete excision of the recto- vaginal fistula and introduction of fresh, vascularized muscle to seal the fistula. A defunctioning colostomy was performed 1 month prior to the present procedure. The gracilis muscle and tendon were mobilized, pulled through the freshened recto-vaginal fistula, passed through the anus, and anchored externally. Excess muscle and tendon were trimmed 1 week after the procedure. Follow-up at 4 weeks demonstrated complete mucosal coverage over an intact gracilis muscle, and no leakage. At 8 weeks post-procedure, the patient resumed sexual intercourse with no dyspareunia. At 6 months post-procedure, her stoma was closed. The patient reported transient fecal staining of her vagina after stoma reversal, which resolved with conservative treatment. The fistula had not recurred at 20 months post-procedure. The gracilis pull-through flap is a reliable technique for a scarred vagina with an attenuated rectovaginal septum. It can function as a well-vascularized tissue plug to promote healing.
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POLLY LOONG 서울대학교 국어교육연구소 2022 국어교육연구 Vol.50 No.-
This paper reviews the current issues and future challenges for teaching and learning Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) in secondary schools in Hong Kong. First, a statistical analysis was conducted to reveal the number and types of foreign languages and cultural programs offered in 445 secondary schools in Hong Kong. The results showed that Japanese, Korean and French are the top three most popular foreign languages. Currently, Korean language programs are mainly offered as after-school or extra-curricular activities, and the most popular Korean cultural program is Taekwondo. Second, a review of adding Korean in the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSE) and student opinions was conducted. The results identified the problems of long learning hours and the appropriateness of the cut-off point for Korean language. Moreover, the problem of lack of professional KFL teachers with Cantonese language ability are also emphasized. 본고는 홍콩 중·고등학교에서의 외국어로서의 한국어교육의 현황을 살피고, 홍콩 대학 입학시험의 외국어 영역 개편이 향후 홍콩에서의 한국어교육에 미칠 영향 및 과제에 대해 파악하고자 하였다. 먼저 현재 445개 홍콩의 중·고등학교에서 개설하고 있거나 개설했던 외국언어문화 과정에 대해 조사한 결과, 과정 개설률이 가장 높은 언어는 1위 일본어, 2위 한국어, 3위 프랑스어로 나타났다. 특히 한국어가 현재 홍콩 대학 입학시험 외국어 과목에 포함되지 않은 점을 고려하면 홍콩의 중·고등학교에서 한국어 및 한국 문화 프로그램에 대한 관심이 상당히 크다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 한국언어문화 과정을 세분화하여 분석한 결과, 한국어 과정은 자기계발을 위한 학습 활동을 위주로 진행해 온 것으로 드러났다. 한국 문화 프로그램의 경우는 태권도가 월등하게 1위를 차지한 것과 한국관광이나 답사, 케이팝 댄스 동아리 등의 다양한 문화 프로그램이 있는 것도 확인할 수 있었다. 홍콩 중·고등학교에서의 한국어교육 현광에 관한 조사를 실시한 후에 대학 입학시험 외국어 영역 개편의 배경과 새로운 평가 기준 등에 대해 검토하였으며, 한국어 학습자의 의견도 함께 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 커트라인 및 예상 학습 시간의 적절성, 평가 기준 등에 관한 문제를 확인하였으며, 학습자 모어에 대한 지식을 겸비한 교원의 훈련 및 확보 등의 현실적인 어려움에 대해서도 짚어보았다. 마지막으로 향후 홍콩에서의 한국어교육 활성화를 위한 과제와 전망을 제시하였다.
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