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유아 시각 예술 교육과정 : 발달과 문화를 표현하기 위한 자유로운 공간인 마음의 팔렛트
Lois McFadyen Christensen & Lynn Doty Kirklnd,이정숙 역 대한어린이교육협회 2010 어린이교육 Vol.- No.12
지금 유아교육 현장은 아이들이 입을 손해는 생각하지 않고 읽기, 쓰기, 셈하기 그리고 평가에 크게 집중되어 있다. 정책 입안자들은 유아기 아이들이 의례적으로 형식적인 교육 을 받게 준비했고, 종종 운영자들과 교사들도 그런 방향으로 지도했다. 교사들은 낮은 단계 에서 암기를 강조하고 복습하는 인지 기능에 집중한 어린이들의 교육을 가속화하기 위해 비전문화가 되었다(Aldridge & Goldman, 2006: Katz, 1993; Kohn, 2001; Ohanian, 1999). 이 렇게 오로지 학업적인 성과를 보기 위해서 어린 아이들에게 압박을 가하는 것은 아이들에 게 자연스럽게 나타나는 창의성에 필수적인 경험과 중요한 언어적 반영을 억제 하게 된다. 이런 압박은 하나에 모든 것을 맞추는 형식의 교육과정을 만들게 된다(Association for Childhood Education International[ACEI], 2001; Novinger & O'Brien, 2003).
Plasma membrane organization promotes virulence of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans
Lois M. Douglas,James B. Konopka 한국미생물학회 2016 The journal of microbiology Vol.54 No.3
Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen capable of causing lethal systemic infections. The plasma membrane plays key roles in virulence because it not only functions as a protective barrier, it also mediates dynamic functions including secretion of virulence factors, cell wall synthesis, invasive hyphal morphogenesis, endocytosis, and nutrient uptake. Consistent with this functional complexity, the plasma membrane is composed of a wide array of lipids and proteins. These components are organized into distinct domains that will be the topic of this review. Some of the plasma membrane domains that will be described are known to act as scaffolds or barriers to diffusion, such as MCC/eisosomes, septins, and sites of contact with the endoplasmic reticulum. Other zones mediate dynamic processes, including secretion, endocytosis, and a special region at hyphal tips that facilitates rapid growth. The highly organized architecture of the plasma membrane facilitates the coordination of diverse functions and promotes the pathogenesis of C. albicans.
The Nature of a Copia - Like Transposable Element Inserted in a Baculovirus
Miller, Lois K 한국유전학회 1982 Genes & Genomics Vol.4 No.2
Baculoviruses possess large (∼ 100 Kilobase pair), double-stranded, circular DNA genome which are packaged in enveloped, rod-shaped capsids. A mutant of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyheadrosis virus (AcNPV) was recently isolated following serial passage of the virus through a cell line of the lepidopteran insect Trichoplusia ni. The mutant, known as FP-D, has a most unusual genotype; restriction endonuclease analysis of the viral DNA reveals the presence of a genetically unstable sequence inserted in the mutant DNA. Further analysis has established that this sequence is a mobile genetic element of T. ni and is a member of the copia-like class of transposable elements. We call the element TE-D. TE-D is 7.3 Kilobases (Kb) in length and contains 0.27 Kb direct terminal repeats so that its structure is similar to copia-like elements of Drosophila as well as the evolutionarily related retroviruses of vertebrates. The TE-D sequence is genetically unstable; a second virus, referred to as FP-DS, arises spontaneously and at high frequency in FP-D infected cells. FP-DS contains only one of the two 0.27 Kb terminal repeats of TE-D and may arise from recombination between the direct terminal repeats of TE-D. We also have evidence that the element exists in free linear and circular form in FP-D infected cells; transposition of the element may therefore involve a 7.05 Kb circular and/or linear intermediate. TE-D is a mid-repetitive, dispersed element of T. ni cells. It is found in 45 or 50 different locations in the T. ni genome. The element is mobile as determined by experiment in which the position of TE-D sequences have amplified several fold and the internal sequences of TE-D have diverged slightly. We are currently investigating the effects of element insertion on viral transcription and have observed the enhancement of transcription of viral sequences next to terminal repeats. FP-D will be a very valuable tool for studying transposable element movement and expression. We have a permissive insect cell line, S. frugiperda, which lacks TE-D so that the element can be studied in a naive cell environment. We expect that an analysis of FP-D will help to define the relationship between copia-like transposable elements and retroviruses.