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The calibration of a laser profiling system for seafloor micro-topography measurements
Loeffler, Kathryn R.,Chotiros, Nicholas P. Techno-Press 2011 Ocean systems engineering Vol.1 No.3
A method for calibrating a laser profiling system for seafloor micro-topography measurements is described. The system consists of a digital camera and an arrangement of six red lasers that are mounted as a unit on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The lasers project as parallel planes onto the seafloor, creating profiles of the local topography that are interpreted from the digital camera image. The goal of the calibration was to determine the plane equations for the six lasers relative to the camera. This was accomplished in two stages. First, distortions in the digital image were corrected using an interpolation method based on a virtual pinhole camera model. Then, the laser planes were determined according to their intersections with a calibration target. The position and orientation of the target were obtained by a registration process. The selection of the target shape and size was found to be critical to a successful calibration at sea, due to the limitations in the manoeuvrability of the ROV.
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Jones, G.,Loeffler, D.,Calkin, D.,Chung, W. Pergamon ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2010 Biomass & bioenergy Vol.34 No.5
Mill residues from forest industries are the source for most of the current wood-based energy in the US, approximately 2.1% of the nation's energy use in 2007. Forest residues from silvicultural treatments, which include limbs, tops, and small non-commercial trees removed for various forest management objectives, represent an additional source of woody biomass for energy. We spatially analyzed collecting, grinding, and hauling forest residue biomass on a 515,900ha area in western Montana, US, to compare the total emissions of burning forest residues in a boiler for thermal energy with the alternatives of onsite disposal by pile-burning and using either natural gas or #2 distillate oil to produce the equivalent amount of useable energy. When compared to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives, carbon dioxide emissions from the bioenergy alternative were approximately 60%, methane emissions were approximately 3%, and particulate emissions less than 10μm were 11% and 41%, respectively, for emission control and no-control boilers. Emissions from diesel consumption for collecting, grinding, and hauling biomass represented less than 5% of the total bioenergy emissions at an average haul distance of 136km. Across the study area, an average 21 units of bioenergy were produced for each unit of diesel energy used to collect, grind, and haul biomass. Fossil fuel energy saved by the bioenergy alternative relative to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives averaged 14.7-15.2GJt<SUP>-1</SUP>of biomass.
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Body size affects the evolution of hidden color signals in insects
Changku Kang,Karl Loeffler-Henry,Thomas N. Sherratt 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.10
Deimatic display 는 평상시에는 위장으로 자신을 보호하는 동물들이 포식자에게 위협당하였을 때에만 일시적으로 화려한 경고색을 보여줌으로써 포식자를 놀라게 하여 자신을 보호하는 방어전략이다. 본 연구에서는 3가지의 서로 다른 연구 방법을 이용하여 이 방어전략의 진화에 대해 연구하였으며, 연구의 모델로는 태극나방과 (Erebidae)의 나방을 이용하였다. 첫 번째로 deimatic display 전략이 어떤 종에서 진화하였으며, 이 전략이 동물의 몸 크기와 함께 진화하였는지를 계통수 분석을 이용한 방법으로 연구하였다. 연구 결과 deimatic display 는 몸 크기가 상대적으로 큰 곤충에서 선택적으로 진화하였다는 사실을 발견하였다. 두 번째로 deimatic display 전략이 왜 body size 가 큰 종에서 진화하였는지를 이론적으로 검증하기 위하여 수학적 모델링을 활용, deimatic display 와 몸 크기와의 이론적인 관계를 연구하였다. 이론적 모델링이 시사하는 바는 1) 몸 크기가 클수록 위장이 실패할 확률이 높으며, 2) 몸 크기가 클수록 deimatic display 가 포식자를 위협하는 효과가 클수록 이러한 진화적인 관계가 생성될 수 있다는 점을 발견하였다. 마지막으로 수학적 모델링에서 도출된 결과를 실험적으로 검증하기 위하여 로보틱스 기술을 활용, deimatic display 행동을 보이는 인공나방로봇을 제작하였다. 제작된 인공나방 로봇의 날개크기와 날개색채를 변화시켜가며 나방의 크기가 커질수록 deimatic display 전략이 포식자(조류)를 위협하는데 더 효과적인지를 테스트하였으며, 실험 결과 deimatic display 전략은 나방의 사이즈가 클수록 더 효과적이라는 사실을 입증하였다. 추가 연구 결과 이러한 큰 크기 – 숨겨진 화려한 색채의 관계는 태극나방과 뿐만이 아니라 메뚜기목, 대벌레목, 사마귀목, 그리고 누에나방과(나비목)에서도 발견됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 deimatic display 전략이 큰 크기와 공진화하였음을 보여주며, 이러한 크기-색채 공진화는 deimatic display 전략의 효용성과 밀접한 관련을 가지며 이루어졌다는 사실을 보여준다.
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Sheka Yagub Aloyouni,Charis-Patricia Segeritz,Ashley M. Sherrid,Matthew J. Gold,Daniela I. M. Loeffler,Marie-Renée Blanchet,Bing Cai,Jeremy Hirota,Kelly M. McNagny,Tobias R. Kollmann 대한천식알레르기학회 2014 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.6 No.4
Purpose: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder that leads to inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Its global prevalence has attained epidemiclevels and treatment options that reach beyond temporary relief of symptoms are urgently needed. Since the processes leading to clinicallysymptomatic asthma start early in life, we set out to systematically evaluate a neonatal immunotherapeutic based on Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)for the control of allergic sensitization. Methods: We modified Lm to express the model allergen, ovalbumin (OVA), and tested the ability of neonatalimmunization with this strain to control allergic sensitization in a mouse model of OVA-induced asthma. Mice were immunized as newborns withlive or heat killed LmOVA or live Lm, followed 6 weeks later by allergic sensitization with OVA. In order to determine whether the TH1-polarizing effectof this vaccine vector inadvertently may exacerbate development of certain TH1-driven allergic diseases, mice immunized as newborns were assessedin a model of adult hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Results: Both LmOVA and Lm-control vaccines were highly effective in providinglong-lasting protection from airway inflammation after only one immunization given perinatally. Serum antibody levels and lung cytokine productionsuggest that this prophylactic strategy is associated with an allergen specific TH1-dominated response. Specifically, LmOVA vaccinated mice displayedsignificantly elevated OVA-specific serum IgG2a, but no difference in anti-OVA IgE antibodies and only slightly decreased anti-OVA IgG1 antibodies. Importantly, Lm-based neonatal vaccination did not exacerbate Th1/Th17 driven HP, arguing against broad spectrum immune skewing. Conclusions:Our findings highlight the promise of early life Lm-based immunomodulatory interventions as a prophylactic strategy for allergic asthma.
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