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Macrophage and Adipocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obesity-Induced Metabolic Diseases
Wang Liwen,Hu Jie,Zhou Haiyan 대한남성과학회 2021 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.39 No.4
Obesity is one of major health burdens of modern society as it contributes to the growing prevalence of its related comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. A series of innate immune cells, especially macrophages, and adipocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is induced by obesity, are critical mediators in initiating inflammation in macrophages and adipocytes, and subsequent systemic insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss new findings on how obesity impairs mitochondrial function in macrophages and adipocytes and how this dysfunction contributes to obesity and its comorbidities. We also summarize drugs that treat metabolic diseases by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.
Zou, Yi,Chen, Linying,Wang, Xingfu,Chen, Yupeng,Hu, Liwen,Zeng, Saifan,Wang, Pengcheng,Li, Guoping,Huang, Ming,Wang, Liting,He, Shi,Li, Sanyan,Jian, Lihui,Zhang, Sheng The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2019 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.19 No.1
Purpose: The significance of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in gastric carcinoma (GC) is controversial, leading to ambiguous concepts in traditional classifications. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold of meaningful NED in GC and clarify its unclear features in existing classifications. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neural cell adhesion molecule was performed for 945 GC specimens. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test and univariate/multivariate models with percentages of NED ($P_{NED}$) and demographic and clinicopathological parameters. Results: In total, 275 (29.1%) cases were immunoreactive to at least 1 neuroendocrine (NE) marker. GC-NED was more common in the upper third of the stomach. $P_{NED}$, and Borrmann's classification and tumor, lymph node, metastasis stages were independent prognostic factors. The cutoff $P_{NED}$ was 10%, beyond which patients had significantly worse outcomes, although the risk did not increase with higher $P_{NED}$. Tumors with ${\geq}10%$ NED tended to manifest as Borrmann type III lesion with mixed/diffuse morphology and poorer histological differentiation; the NE components in this population mainly grew in insulae/nests, which differed from the predominant growth pattern (glandular/acinar) in GC with <10% NED. Conclusions: GC with ${\geq}10%$ NED should be classified as a distinct subtype because of its worse prognosis, and more attention should be paid to the necessity of additional therapeutics for NE components.
Yi Zou,Linying Chen,Xingfu Wang,Yupeng Chen,Liwen Hu,Saifan Zeng,Pengcheng Wang,Guoping Li,Ming Huang,Liting Wang,Shi He,Sanyan Li,Lihui Jian,Sheng Zhang 대한위암학회 2019 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.19 No.1
Purpose: The significance of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in gastric carcinoma (GC) is controversial, leading to ambiguous concepts in traditional classifications. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold of meaningful NED in GC and clarify its unclear features in existing classifications. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neural cell adhesion molecule was performed for 945 GC specimens. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test and univariate/multivariate models with percentages of NED (PNED) and demographic and clinicopathological parameters. Results: In total, 275 (29.1%) cases were immunoreactive to at least 1 neuroendocrine (NE) marker. GC-NED was more common in the upper third of the stomach. PNED, and Borrmann's classification and tumor, lymph node, metastasis stages were independent prognostic factors. The cutoff PNED was 10%, beyond which patients had significantly worse outcomes, although the risk did not increase with higher PNED. Tumors with ≥10% NED tended to manifest as Borrmann type III lesion with mixed/diffuse morphology and poorer histological differentiation; the NE components in this population mainly grew in insulae/nests, which differed from the predominant growth pattern (glandular/acinar) in GC with <10% NED. Conclusions: GC with ≥10% NED should be classified as a distinct subtype because of its worse prognosis, and more attention should be paid to the necessity of additional therapeutics for NE components.
Microstructure and Tensile Properties of a Cast Eutectic Al–Si–Cu Alloy Modified by Zr and V
Jianbo Sun,Guangkai Zeng,Dewang Rao,Yuchen Wang,Yiwang Yang,Liwen Pan,Zhiliu Hu 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.12
Minor Zr and V were added individually and jointly to Al–12.5Si–1Cu alloy to develop heat-resistant aluminum alloys. Theas-cast microstructure, room temperature, and high temperature (350 °C) tensile properties and the strengthening mechanismof the modified alloys were investigated. The results show that the rod-like (Al, Si)3Zr and hexagonal (Si, Al)2V precipitatesare respectively found in the alloys with individually added Zr or V. At the same time, they were transformed into (Al,Si)3(Zr, V) and (Si, Al)2(V, Zr) when Zr and V were added together. Individually added Zr or V could change the eutecticsilicon aspect ratio, but the largest effect was recorded for the combined addition 0.3 wt% Zr + 0.4 wt% V. The addition ofZr and V had no significant impact on the room temperature tensile strength of the alloys but improved the yield strength. Individual additions of Zr and V caused negligible improvements in high-temperature tensile strength of alloys tested. Incontrast, the combined Zr + V additions resulted in the substantial improvement with tensile strength at 350 °C reaching79.4 MPa, i.e. 89% higher than the base alloy. The analysis shows that the increase of eutectic silicon aspect ratio and thesolution strengthening of trace V in eutectic silicon is the leading cause of improving high-temperature tensile strength. Thebrittle, blocky primary silicon, coarse rod-like (Al, Si)3(Zr, V), and hexagonal (Si, Al)2(V, Zr) precipitates are detrimentalto high-temperature properties.