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KADRL: Knowledge-assisted deep reinforcement learning for urban traffic signal control
Chunliang (Lillian) Wu 대한교통학회 2023 대한교통학회 학술대회지 Vol.88 No.-
Traffic lights are an integral part of the modern-day traffic infrastructure that controls traffic flow by adjusting signal timings. Many efforts have been made to design efficient traffic signal control (TSC) methods to alleviate traffic congestion in the past few decades. Traditional TSC methods are mainly rule-based or model-based. They did not consider many complex and stochastic scenarios of the real world; thus, they are less likely to respond to dynamic traffic demands in a timely manner. Thanks to the rapid development of artificial intelligence, a promising learning-based paradigm, called reinforcement learning (RL), provides a new way to address intractable TSC problems by interacting with the traffic environment without a model. However, developing a scalable RL-based TSC algorithm with fast learning speed and strong robustness is still an open question. This study proposes a decentralized knowledge-assisted deep reinforcement learning (KADRL) model for multiple intersections. In the model, traffic lights at an intersection are controlled by an independent agent, guaranteeing its scalability. Also, a knowledge-assisted decision mechanism is embedded in the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm to avoid unnecessary action explorations. The proposed algorithm is tested in a simulated environment with dynamic traffic demand and compared with traditional TSC methods and state-of-the-art DRL algorithms. The experiment results show the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than traditional TSC methods and DRL-based algorithms. In addition, the robustness analysis demonstrates that the proposed algorithm is effective and stable with noisy and delayed observations.
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Lee, Sook-Young(이숙영),Lillian Hung(릴리안 헝),Jung, Hyun-Won(정현원),Habib Chaudhury(하비브 챠더리) 한국주거학회 2021 한국주거학회 논문집 Vol.32 No.6
This longitudinal observational study aims to examine whether residents with dementia in long-term care facilities with variability in physical environment qualities in Vancouver (N=11), Canada and Seoul (N=9), South Korea had a difference in their quality of life (QoL). Physical environmental assessment was conducted using the Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Homes (TESS-NH). QoL was assessed three times over one year using Dementia Care Mapping tool. The results of the study demonstrated that the residents with dementia living in an institutional large-scale setting showed statistically more withdrawn behavior and spent more time to be negative mood or affect compared to the ones in a small-scale setting. This study also found that the number of potential positive behaviors of residents in a small-scale setting was three times higher than that of residents in an institutional large-scale setting. When looking at the distinction between two countries in the behavior category with a large average time difference, the residents with dementia in Korea had shorter meal/dessert times compared to those in Canada. The study supports that the small-scale homelike environment is intensely associated with a therapeutic environment for older adults with dementia.
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Exotic Mahogany Leaf Litter Hinders Growth of Philippine Native Tree Seedlings
Galano, Janford B.,Rodriguez, Lillian Jennifer V. National Institute of Ecology 2021 국립생태원회보(PNIE) Vol.2 No.2
With continuous decline of Philippine forest cover, sustainable forest management and restoration are essential to restore destroyed forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, of ten most planted trees in reforestation projects in the Philippines, eight are exotic species, with large leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) being the most dominant. In this study, effect of Swietenia macrophylla in reforestation projects on native tree species was evaluated. Effects of S. macrophylla leaf litter, frequency, and canopy closure on the growth of the Philippine native species Pterocarpus indicus were investigated. Results showed that S. macrophylla leaf litter significantly inhibited the growth of P. indicus seedlings based on root collar-to-shoot height. The standardized growth rate of seedlings in plots without S. macrophylla leaf litter was significantly higher than the growth rate of seedlings in plots with leaf litter. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the standardized growth rate of seedlings between plots without leaf litter and a control plot. On the contrary, S. macrophylla tree frequency and canopy closure showed no significant effect. These results attest to the negative effect of widely planted S. macrophylla to a valuable Philippine native tree P. indicus. With accumulating scientific evidence about negative effects of S. macrophylla on native trees, discontinued use in tree planting and reforestation efforts with active management of restoration sites previously planted with large leaf mahogany are needed.
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Sook Young Lee,Lillian Hung,Habib Chaudhury,Agneta Morelli 대한건축학회 2021 Architectural research Vol.23 No.2
Reduction in competence makes older adults with dementia more sensitive to the influence of the physical environment. The aim of the longitudinal study was to examine whether residents with dementia in long-term facilities with variability in physical environmental characteristics in Vancouver (N= 11), Canada and Stockholm (N=13), Sweden had a difference in their quality of life (QoL). QoL was assessed using Dementia Care Mapping tool three times over one year for the reliability of data. The results of the study demonstrated that the residents with dementia living in a homelike and positive stimulating setting showed less withdrawn behaviors and a higher level of well-being compared to those in a large-scale institutional setting. This study also found that the residents living in a large-scale institutional environment spent more monotonous times than the other groups, which may be to provision of fewer structured activity programs or less social interaction with neighbors or staff members. Residents living in a large-scale institutional setting in Canada showed so far as five times more agitated/ distressed behaviors and twice more withdrawal compared to the ones living in a small-scale homelike setting in Sweden. The study supports that the large-scale institutional environment was considerably associated with levels of lower quality of life among the residents with dementia.
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Seed Dispersal by Water, Wind, Birds, and Bats in the Caliraya Watershed, Laguna
Giancarlo Pocholo L. Enriquez,Lillian Jennifer V. Rodriguez National Institute of Ecology 2023 국립생태원회보(PNIE) Vol.4 No.1
Seed dispersal supports community structure, maintains genetic connectivity across fragmented landscapes, and influences vegetation assemblages. In the Philippines, only two seed dispersal studies have compared different dispersal agents. We examined the seed dispersal patterns of water, wind, birds, and bats in the Caliraya Watershed, Philippines. We aimed to determine the floral species that were dispersed and how the forest characteristics influenced seed dispersal. By running seed rain traps and drift litter collection from March to June 2022, we analyzed 14,090 seeds in a privately owned study site within the watershed. Water did not exclusively disperse any species and acted as a secondary disperser. Seed density (seeds/trap) was significantly higher for bird-dispersed (n=166) and bat-dispersed (n=145) seeds than for wind-dispersed (n=79) seeds (One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA]: F<sub>2,87</sub>=16.21, P<0.0001). Species number (species/trap) was significantly higher for bird-dispersed (n=3.7) and bat-dispersed (n=3.9) seeds than for wind-dispersed (n=0.2) seeds (One-way ANOVA: F<sub>2,87</sub> =16.67, P<0.0001). Birds dispersed more species because they are more diverse and access a wider variety of fruits, unlike bats. Birds and bats target different fruits and provide separate seed dispersal services. Generalized linear model analyses revealed that the number and basal area of fleshy fruit trees most strongly influenced the bird seed dispersal patterns. Therefore, we recommend a three-way approach to restoration efforts in the Caliraya Watershed: (1) ensure the presence of fleshy fruit trees in restoration zones, (2) assist the establishment of mid-successional and wind-dispersed trees, and (3) intensify the conservation efforts for both flora and faunal diversity.
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Tasnim, Tasnim,Dasvarma, Gouranga,Mwanri, Lillian The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2017 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.50 No.5
Objectives: The prevalence of underweight in children under 5 years of age is anomalously high in Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This state of affairs may be related to poor housing conditions, such as limited access to clean water, the absence of a sanitary latrine, and the use of poor housing materials. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of housing conditions on underweight in under-5 children in Konawe District. Methods: This study was conducted in 2013 in 5 health centres in Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, and used a case-control study design. The study recruited 400 under-5 children, including 100 of whom were cases and 300 of whom were age-matched controls (1:3). Cases were underweight children, while the controls were children with a normal nutritional status. The independent variables were the availability and types of water and latrine facilities and housing materials (roof, wall, and floor). The statistical analysis used Cox regression. Results: A lack of water availability (odds ratio [OR], 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7 to 9.5; p<0.001), a lack of latrine availability in the home (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.0; p<0.001), and poor-quality roofing materials (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.7; p<0.02) significantly contributed to underweight in children. In contrast, the walls and the floors did not contribute to under-5 year children being underweight (p=0.09 and p=0.71, respectively). Conclusions: Sanitation facilities and roofing were identified as important factors to address in order to improve children's nutritional status. Children's health status was directly impacted by food intake via their nutritional status.
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Primary Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Large Bowel
Cho, Moon-June,Ha, Chul-S,Parmela, K-Allen,Lillian, M.Fuller,Fernando, Cabanillas,James, D.Cox 忠南大學校 癌共同硏究所 1998 癌共同硏究所 硏究誌 Vol.2 No.1
PURPOSE: To characterize the natural history of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the large bowel and identify prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma according to strict criteria were identified. Seventeen patients underwent resection, and six patients underwent biopsy. Among 19 patients with intermediate- or high-grade lymphoma, 13 had diffuse large cell lymphoma. Ann Arbor stage was I in 15 cases, II in seven cases, and IV in one case. In 15 patients, the International Prognostic Index was available: 0, eight patients; 1, six patients; and 3, one patient. Postoperatively, six patients received combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy, eight patients received chemotherapy, and six patients received radiation therapy. Overall and relapse-free survival were calculated actuarially, and univariate analysis was performed with regard to stage, treatment, extent of surgery, and the International Prognostic Index. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 144 months. Two patients' disease recurred. Overall and relapse-free survival at 10 years were 61% and 82%, respectively. The International Prognostic Index was the only significant prognostic factor for overall survival (P = .03, log-rank test). CONCLUSION: The prognosis of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma appears to be as good as that of low-or intermediate-grade lymphoma. The only significant prognostic factor for overall survival is the International Prognostic Index.
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