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Physics of the Coefficient of Friction in CMP
Len Borucki,Ara Philipossian,Yun Zhuang 한국전기전자재료학회 2007 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.8 No.2
The implications of a theory of lubricated pad asperity wafer contact are traced through several fundamental areas of chemical-mechanical polishing. The hypothesized existence of a nanolubrication layer underlies a high accuracy model of polish rates. It also provides a quantitative explanation of a power law relationship between the coefficient of friction and a measure of pad surface flattening. The theory may further be useful for interpreting friction changes during polishing, and may explain why the coefficient of friction is sometimes observed to have a temperature or velocity dependence.
Len, Ninh Thi,Lindberg, Jan Erik,Ogle, Brian Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.2
The effects of feeding diets containing 20% (L) or 30% (H) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (DM basis) on performance and carcass traits were studied in three breeds of pig, including pure Mong Cai (MC), crossbred Landrace$\times$Yorkshire (LY) and crossbred MC$\times$Yorkshire (F1). The experiment had a factorial design with two factors, breed and diet. Eighteen piglets of each breed ($60{\pm}3days$) were randomly allocated to three treatments: L-L, low fiber diet in both growing and finishing periods; L-H, low and high fiber diet in the growing and finishing period, respectively; and H-H, high fiber diet in both periods. The diets were iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous within feeding period. The main fibrous ingredients of the diets were rice bran and cassava residue. There were no effects of fiber level on daily dry matter feed intake (DMI), expressed as g/kg metabolic body weight (BW0.75), in both feeding periods (p>0.05). DMI was highest for MC, followed by F1 and LY (p<0.001). Average daily gain (ADG) in L-L and L-H was higher than in H-H in the growing period (p<0.001) and overall (p<0.05), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in H-H than in L-L and L-H in the growing period (p<0.05) and overall, but no significant differences between treatments were found in the finishing period. In both periods, Landrace$\times$Yorkshire had the highest ADG and the lowest FCR, followed by F1 and Mong Cai (p<0.001). There were no interactions between breed and diet for performance and carcass traits. Carcass and dressing percentage was lower for L-H and H-H than for L-L (p<0.05). There were no significant differences among treatments in back fat thickness and lean meat percentage, or in crude protein and ether extract contents of lean meat. Carcass, dressing and lean meat percentage was highest for LY, lowest for MC and intermediate for F1 (p<0.001). It can be concluded that feeding a high fiber diet in the growing period reduced pig performance, but there was no effect in the finishing period. Pure Mong Cai pigs are not particularly suitable for meat purposes, although the F1 cross with Large White had reasonably good growth performance and carcass quality.
The role of digital imagery in characterising different styles of mineralization
Len C. Cranfield,Vijay K. Vohora,Susan L. Donoghue 한국지질과학협의회 2004 Geosciences Journal Vol.8 No.1
A total of one hundred and twenty thre gold-bear-ing mineral deposits in the Charters Towers area west of Town-swille, Queensland, Australia were initially classified into fournamed and unnamed separate vein styles, with different trendsdeposits. The area has vein deposits in Ordovician and Siluriangranitoids and breccia-style in the Carboniferous volcanics. In thispaper a modeling of these deposits is described using geologicalmapping, landscape analysis and digital imagery (Landsat TMand geophysics) to improve the classification and identification ofpossible new target for exploration.
Multicultural Knowledge and Skills of Singaporean Master Therapists
Len Jennings,Ashley Gulden,Michael Oien,Vilma D’Rozario,Michael Goh,Thomas M. Skovholt 한국상담학회 2012 Journal of Asia Pacific counseling Vol.2 No.2
An international team of researchers from Singapore and the United States conducted a qualitative investigation of the multicultural competencies of Singaporean master therapists (i.e., expert therapists). Six Singaporean master therapists, previously studied and identified through an extensive peer nomination sampling procedure (Jennings et al., 2008), were reinterviewed to explore how these master therapists conceptualize and conduct cross-cultural counseling. Utilizing data analytic procedures from consensual qualitative research (CQR) and grounded theory, eight themes within two categories were identified. The Multicultural Knowledge category contained four themes (Self-Knowledge, Cultural Immersion, Cultural Knowledge, and Knowledge of Systemic/Historic Oppression). Another four themes (Respect, Cultural Misunderstandings Lead to Humility and Growth, Ask, Dontained four th Suspend Judgment and Avoid Imposing Values) were organized under the Multicultural Skills category. Recommendations for future research and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Male Ruminant Reproduction — A Review
Len Van Tran,Bilal Ahmad Malla,Sachin Kumar,Amrish Kumar Tyagi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.5
Fatty acids such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are critical nutrients, used to improve male reproductive performance through modification of fatty acid profile and maintenance of sperm membrane integrity, especially under cold shock or cryopreservation condition. Also, PUFA provide the precursors for prostaglandin synthesis and can modulate the expression patterns of many key enzymes involved in both prostaglandin and steroid metabolism. Many studies carried out on diets supplemented with PUFA have demonstrated their capability to sustain sperm motility, viability and fertility during chilling and freezing as well as improving testis development and spermatogenesis in a variety of livestock species. In addition to the type and quantity of dietary fatty acids, ways of addition of PUFA to diet or semen extender is very crucial as it has different effects on semen quality in male ruminants. Limitation of PUFA added to ruminant ration is due to biohydrogenation by rumen microorganisms, which causes conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, leading to loss of PUFA quantity. Thus, many strategies for protecting PUFA from biohydrogenation in rumen have been developed over the years. This paper reviews four aspects of PUFA in light of previous research including rumen metabolism, biological roles, influence on reproduction, and strategies to use in male ruminants.
Physics of the Coefficient of Friction in CMP
Borucki, Len,Philipossian, Ara,Zhuang, Yun The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2007 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.8 No.2
The implications of a theory of lubricated pad asperity wafer contact are traced through several fundamental areas of chemical-mechanical polishing. The hypothesized existence of a nanolubrication layer underlies a high accuracy model of polish rates. It also provides a quantitative explanation of a power law relationship between the coefficient of friction and a measure of pad surface flattening. The theory may further be useful for interpreting friction changes during polishing, and may explain why the coefficient of friction is sometimes observed to have a temperature or velocity dependence.
노혜련(He Len Noh),장정순(Chung Soon Chang) 한국아동복지학회 1998 한국아동복지학 Vol.- No.6
본 연구는 서울, 인천과 경기 지역에 소재한 육아시절과 소규모 비인가 시설에서 생활하고 있는 12세-17세의 아동 482명을 대상으로 그들의 생활실태와 만족도를 알아보았는데 그 결과는 다음과 같다: 1) 시절아동의 대다수(64.2%)가 시절생활에 어려움이 있다고 응답했는데, 시설에 입소할 당시의 정서상태가 입소 이후의 생활에 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되어 이시기의 개입이 매우 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 2) 많은 아동들이 대규모 시설에서의 집단생활로 인한 어려움을 호소하였는데 이는 요보호아동의 보호·양육을 위한 대규모 시설이 점차 소속사제나 그룹홈과 같은 소규모 공동체로 전환하는 것이 필요함을 암시하고 있다. 3) 아동들은 시설생활의 물질적인 측면에 대해서 전반적으로 만족하고 있었으나 그 중 의복, 용돈, 외출의 자유 등의 항목에서는 비교적 낮은 만족도를 나타내고 있었다. 4) 심리·정서적인 측면과 관련해서 아동들은 혼자라고 느낄 때, 아플 때, 생일이나 명절과 같이 특별한 때에 가장 슬프고 외롭다고 응답했으나 이러한 때 시절 어른들의 도움을 받는 경우가 극히 적은 것으로 나타나 이들에 대한 심리·정서적인 관심과 배려가 보다 요구되고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 5) 보육사가 자신을 이해한다고 생각하는 아동일수록 시설에 대한 만족도가 높았고, 시절생황의 어려움도 적은 것으로 나타나 아동들의 괌에 가장 지대한 영향을 미치고 있는 사람은 보육사라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 시절아동들의 건전한 육성을 위해서는 우선적으로 보육사들의 잦은 이직을 예방하고 훌륭한 자질을 가진 사람이 보람을 갖고 지속적인 보육활동에 참여할 수 있도록 하는 것이 필수요건임을 시사하고 있다.