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qaTeaching English as a Multinational Language
Leffa, Vilson J. 대한언어학회 2002 언어학 Vol.10 No.1
Leffa, Vilson J. 2002. Teaching English as a Multinational Language. The Linguistic Association of Korea journal, 10(1), 29 53. The de facto adoption of English as a lingua franca in worldwide communication has met both acceptance and rejection among scientists from different parts of the world. This article tries to analyze the issue from both sides, including the ideologies that underlie frequently mentioned dichotomies such as central versus peripheral countries, native speakers of English v native speakers, and alternatives that have been proposed to counterbalance the hegemony of English. It is argued that for a language to be multinational it should ideally include certain characteristics such as the prevalence of native speakers, the language ability to incorporate other cultures, and tolerance m diversity. Giving a language a multinational status along close lines does not necessarily imply promotion of the lain, age, but also the imposition that the language be willing to lose part of its cultural and linguistic identity. While it is debatable whether any language fulfills these conditions, this article makes a case for English as the best candidate, offering some suggestions on how to teach it from a multinational perspective.
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Genotoxic Evaluation of Mikania laevigata Extract on DNA Damage Caused by Acute Coal Dust Exposure
Freitas, Tiago P.,Heuser, Vanina D.,Tavares, Priscila,Leffa, Daniela D.,Silva, Gabriela A. da,Citadini-Zanette, Vanilde,Romao, Pedro R.T.,Pinho, Ricardo A.,Streck, Emilio L.,Andrade, Vanessa M. The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.3
In the present article, we report data on the possible antigenotoxic activity of Mikania laevigata extract (MLE) after acute intratracheal instillation of coal dust using the comet assay in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and liver cells and the micronucleus test in peripheral blood of Wistar rats. The animals were pretreated for 2 weeks with saline solution (groups 1 and 2) or MLE (100 mg/kg) (groups 3 and 4). On day 15, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (20 mg/kg), and gross mineral coal dust (3 mg/0.3mL saline) (groups 2 and 4) or saline solution (0.3 mL) (groups 1 and 3) was administered directly in the lung by intratracheal administration. Fifteen days after coal dust or saline instillation, the animals were sacrificed, and the femur, liver, and peripheral blood were removed. The results showed a general increase in the DNA damage values at 8 hours for all treatment groups, probably related to surgical procedures that had stressed the animals. Also, liver cells from rats treated with coal dust, pretreated or not with MLE, showed statistically higher comet assay values compared to the control group at 14 days after exposure. These results could be expected because the liver metabolizes a variety of organic compounds to more polar by-products. On the other hand, the micronucleus assay results did not show significant differences among groups. Therefore, our data do not support the antimutagenic activity of M. laevigata as a modulator of DNA damage after acute coal dust instillation.
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Genotoxic Evaluation of Mikania laevigata Extract on DNA Damage Caused by Acute Coal Dust Exposure
Tiago P. Freitas,Vanina D. Heuser,Priscila Tavares,Daniela D. Leffa,Gabriela A. da Silva,Vanilde Citadini-Zanette,Pedro R.T. Romão,Ricardo A. Pinho,Emilio L. Streck,Vanessa M. Andrade 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.3
In the present article, we report data on the possible antigenotoxic activity of Mikania laevigata extract (MLE) after acute intratracheal instillation of coal dust using the comet assay in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and liver cells and the micronucleus test in peripheral blood of Wistar rats. The animals were pretreated for 2 weeks with saline solution (groups 1 and 2) or MLE (100mg/kg) (groups 3 and 4). On day 15, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine (80mg/kg) and xylazine (20mg/kg), and gross mineral coal dust (3mg/0.3mL saline) (groups 2 and 4) or saline solution (0.3mL) (groups 1 and 3) was administered directly in the lung by intratracheal administration. Fifteen days after coal dust or saline instillation, the animals were sacrificed, and the femur, liver, and peripheral blood were removed. The results showed a general increase in the DNA damage values at 8 hours for all treatment groups, probably related to surgical procedures that had stressed the animals. Also, liver cells from rats treated with coal dust, pretreated or not with MLE, showed statistically higher comet assay values compared to the control group at 14 days after exposure. These results could be expected because the liver metabolizes a variety of organic compounds to more polar by-products. On the other hand, the micronucleus assay results did not show significant differences among groups. Therefore, our data do not support the antimutagenic activity of M. laevigata as a modulator of DNA damage after acute coal dust instillation.
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