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Yun-Chen Lai,Chin-Peng Chu 연세대학교 미래사회통합연구센터 2019 Journal of Conflict and Integration Vol.3 No.2
The EU has faced serious crises recently. EU integration has resulted in greater public attention and made cooperation more controversial. This contribution explores three questions: why crises occur under (current) EU governance; how a crisis of EU governance will result in a crisis of EU integration; and how the EU could solve its problems. Issues both inside and outside of the EU borders are discussed to investigate the questions above. It is argued that an imbalanced governance structure and a democratic deficit cause risks of disintegration and stagnation. Multi-level governance should be revisited to augment participation of public sectors, to respond to the current politicization trend, and to relieve the democratic deficit problem.
Is Disintegration Occurring in the European Union: Empirics and Viewpoints of Integration Theories
( Yun-chen Lai ) 한국EU학회 2019 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.17 No.2
The European Union (EU) has been a pioneer in regional integration and long been its most developed model. However, the recent increase in populism raises questions about the integration of the EU. Some pessimists even predict that disintegration of the EU might occur if populism becomes stronger. It is difficult to deny that the EU has faced a series of major setbacks in the last decade. However, setbacks do not equal disintegration. This thesis starts from recent disintegration phenomena in Europe and discusses the underlying reasons for those problems. Furthermore, this thesis attempts to utilize theoretical perspectives to elucidate recent trends. Mainstream integration theories will be discussed and reviewed. Transactionalism of Karl Deutsch will be used to observed whether the EU is really suffering from disintegration. Furthermore, Post-Functionalism will help to explain why certain factor, i.e., identity, matter than other indicators to explain the integration and disintegration of the EU.
Differentiation and Categorization of Strategies: From Cases in Asia
Yun-Chen Lai 미래사회통합연구센터 2019 Journal of Conflict and Integration Vol.3 No.1
The word ‘strategy’ has been widely used, but poorly defined, in the IR area. Establishing a clear definition of the term is a precondition for effective policy-making and academic research. Hence, this article aims to build a systematic framework for analyzing strategy. Based on different perception of orders, goals, and policy instruments, this paper categorizes IR strategies into five types, including revisionist, engagement, status quo, accommodative and bandwagon, providing a systematic perspective for future studies in analyzing strategy. Examples of strategies taken by actors for dealing with Asian orders are given to elucidate the characteristics of each strategy type. The comparison on various strategies of conflict and cooperation outlines the current Asian order.
Lai Yun-Ju,Sung Yi-Ting,Lai Yi-An,Chen Li-Nian,Chen Tung-Sheng,Chien Chiang-Ting 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2022 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.19 No.6
BACKGROUND: Liver inflammation is the main cause of severe liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell therapy topics are receiving increasingly more attention. The therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have become one of the most discussed issues. While other stem cells have therapeutic effects, they have only one or two clinical applications. MSCs are responsible for repairing a variety of tissue injuries. Moreover, MSCs could be derived from several sources, including adipose tissue. MSCs are usually more abundant and easier to obtain compared to other stem cells. METHODS: To prove the concept that MSCs have homing ability to the injured tissue and assist in tissue repair, we examined the effects of intravenous injected adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in a N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)-induced liver injury rat model. RESULTS: The significant repairing ability of ADSCs was observed. The levels of fibrosis, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis in the DEN-injured liver tissues all decreased after ADSC treatment. Furthermore, to enhance the therapeutic effects of ADSCs, we pretreated them with L-theanine, which promotes the hepatocyte growth factor secretion of ADSC, and therefore improved the healing effects on injured liver tissue. CONCLUSION: ADSCs, especially L-theanine-pretreated ADSCs, have anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-tumorigenesis effects on the N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver injury rat model.
Lai Yun‐Chen 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2022 Pacific Focus Vol.37 No.1
This study explores the integration attempt between Taiwan and China during the period from 2008 to 2016, focusing on the perspective of Taiwan civil society, as both the initiation and the deadlock of the cross-strait integration during this period were primarily triggered by Taiwan. This research adopts functionalist theory, as the design of integration derived from neo-functionalism and the deadlock of integration would be better explained by politicization, which constitutes the emphasis of post-functionalism. The findings demonstrate that different extents of politicization made the fates of the two major integration attempts during that period (Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement and Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement) dissimilar. It is further concluded that common identity is the key factor for cross-strait integration in the future.
Lai-Yun Li,Zheng-Wu Fang,Xiao-Fang Li,Zhi-Xiong Liu 한국식물학회 2017 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.60 No.2
In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral homeotic C-class gene AGAMOUS (AG) specifies reproductive organ (stamen and carpels) identity and floral meristem determinacy. Gene function analyses in other core eudicots species reveal functional conservation, subfunctionalization and function switch of the C-lineage in this clade. To identify the possible roles of AG-like genes in regulating floral development in distylous species with dimorphic flowers (pin and thrum) and the C function evolution, we isolated and identified an AG ortholog from Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat, Family Polygonaceae), an early diverging species of core eudicots preceding the rosids-asterids split. Protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis grouped FaesAG into the euAG lineage. Expression analysis suggested that FaesAG expressed exclusively in developing stamens and gynoecium of pin and thrum flowers. Moreover, FaesAG expression reached a high level in both pin and thrum flowers at the time when the stamens were undergoing rapidly increased in size and microspore mother cells were in meiosis. FaesAG was able to substitute for the endogenous AG gene in specifying stamen and carpel identity and in an Arabidopsis ag-1 mutant. Ectopic expression of FaesAG led to very early flowering, and produced a misshapen inflorescence and abnormal flowers in which sepals had converted into carpels and petals were converted to stamens. Our results confirmed establishment of the complete C-function of the AG orthologous gene preceding the rosids-asterids split, despite the distinct floral traits present in early- and late-diverging lineages of core eudicot angiosperms.
Lai, Er-Yong,Chen, Zhen-Guo,Zhou, Xuan,Fan, Xiao-Rong,Wang, Hua,Lai, Ping-Lin,Su, Yong-Chun,Zhang, Bai-Yu,Bai, Xiao-Chun,Li, Yun-Feng Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.11
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is upregulated in the pathogenesis of many cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). DEPTOR is an mTOR inhibitor whose expression is negatively regulated by mTOR. However, the role of DEPTOR in the development of CRC is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of DEPTOR and mTORC1 activity (P-S6) in a subset of CRC patients and determine their relation to tumor differentiation, invasion, nodal metastasis and disease-free survival. Here, Immunohistochemical expression of P-S6 (S235/236) and DEPTOR were evaluated in 1.5 mm tumor cores from 90 CRC patients and in 90 samples of adjacent normal mucosa by tissue microarray. The expression of P-S6 (S235/236) was upregulated in CRC, with the positive rate of P-S6 (S235/236) in CRC (63.3%) significantly higher than that in control tissues (36.7%, 30%) (p<0.05). P-S6 (S235/236) also correlated with high tumor histologic grade (p=0.002), and positive nodal metastasis (p=0.002). In contrast, the expression level of DEPTOR was correlated with low tumor histological grade (p=0.006), and negative nodal metastasis (p=0.001). Interestingly, P-S6 (S235/236) expression showed a significant negative association with the expression of DEPTOR in CRC (p=0.011, R= -0.279). However, upregulation of P-S6 (S235/236) (p=0.693) and downregulation of DEPTOR (p=0.331) in CRC were not significantly associated with overall survival. Thus, we conclude that expression of DEPTOR negatively correlates with mTORC1 activity and tumor progression in CRC. DEPTOR is a potential marker for prognostic evaluation and a target for the treatment of CRC.
Yun-Lai Zhou,Shiqiang Qin,Jia Hu,Yazhou Zhang,Juntao Kang 국제구조공학회 2019 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.70 No.5
This study proposed an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) method ensemble with kriging model for model updating. By introducing genetic algorithm (GA) and grouping strategy together with elite selection into standard particle optimization (PSO), the IPSO is obtained. Kriging metamodel serves for predicting the structural responses to avoid complex computation via finite element model. The combination of IPSO and kriging model shall provide more accurate searching results and obtain global optimal solution for model updating compared with the PSO, Simulate Annealing PSO (SimuAPSO), BreedPSO and PSOGA. A plane truss structure and ASCE Benchmark frame structure are adopted to verify the proposed approach. The results indicated that the hybrid of kriging model and IPSO could serve for model updating effectively and efficiently. The updating results further illustrated that IPSO can provide superior convergent solutions compared with PSO, SimuAPSO, BreedPSO and PSOGA.