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An elongated dorsally curved xiphoid process
Stefan Lachkar,Joe Iwanaga,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.1
The xiphoid process of the sternum lies in the epigastric region and functions to serve as an attachment point for vital muscles that aid in respiration. With the xiphoid process extending as the most inferior portion of the sternum, variable morphology is widely observed. During a routine dissection of a 44-year-old Caucasian male cadaver, we discovered a hookshaped, elongated xiphoid process that protruded dorsally. Potential clinical significance can arise leading to misdiagnosis of the hook-shaped xiphoid process as an epigastric mass during imaging. Though various variations of xiphoid process have been well documented, knowledge of a hook-shaped xiphoid process orientated dorsally remains scarce. Herein, this case study provides clinicians, surgeons, and radiologists a rare anomaly of the xiphoid process in order to further the knowledge of morphological variations of the xiphoid to prevent misdiagnosis and surgical complications.
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Clinical anatomy of the maxillary sinus: application to sinus floor augmentation
Joe Iwanaga,Joe Iwanaga,Charlotte Wilson,Stefan Lachkar,Krzysztof A. Tomaszewski,Jerzy A. Walocha,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.1
The anatomy of the maxillary sinus, especially its vascular anatomy, and its relationships with the teeth and alveolar processes have been well documented. The development of cone-beam computed tomography has resulted in dentists being more familiar with maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedures. This paper aims to revisit the classic anatomy of the maxillary sinus and review the newly published literature in order to help dentists diagnose in more detail and perform safer surgery of the maxillary sinus.
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Bilateral sternocleidomastoid variant with six distinct insertions along the superior nuchal line
Graham Dupont,Joe Iwanaga,Juan J. Altafulla,Stefan Lachkar,Rod J. Oskouian,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2018 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.51 No.4
Anatomical variations of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) have been observed to occupy multiple origins and insertion points and have supernumerary heads, sometimes varying in thickness. During routine dissection, a SCM was observed to have six distinct insertions that interface with the course of the superior nuchal line, ending at the midline, bilaterally. This variation was also seen to receive innervation from the accessory nerve as well as the great auricular nerve. To our knowledge, this variant of supernumerary insertions and nerve innervations has not yet been reported. These variants may pose as problematic during surgical approaches to the upper neck and occiput, and should thus be appreciated by the clinician. Herein we discuss the case report, possible embryological origins, and the clinical significance of the observed variant SCM.
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Takai, Atsuro,Chkounda, Mohammed,Eggenspiller, Antoine,Gros, Claude P.,Lachkar, Mohammed,Barbe, Jean-Michel,Fukuzumi, Shunichi American Chemical Society 2010 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.132 No.12
<P>A novel porphyrin tripod (TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>) was synthesized via “click chemistry”. Three porphyrin moieties of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> are geometrically close and linked by a flexible linker. The electron-transfer oxidation of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> results in intramolecular π-dimer formation between porphyrin moieties as indicated by electrochemical, vis−NIR, and ESR measurements. The cyclic voltammogram of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> exhibited stepwise one-electron oxidation processes of three porphyrin moieties in the range from 0.58 to 0.73 V (vs SCE in CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB>). When TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> was oxidized by tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)-ruthenium(III) ([Ru(bpy)<SUB>3</SUB>]<SUP>3+</SUP>), the oxidized species (TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUP><I>n</I>+</SUP> (0 < <I>n</I> ≤ 3) exhibited a charge resonance band in the NIR region due to the π-dimer formation between porphyrin moieties. A supramolecular electron donor−acceptor system was also constructed using TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>. The flexible conformation of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> makes it possible to capture a fullerene derivative containing a pyridine moiety (PyC<SUB>60</SUB>) inside the cavity by π−π interactions as well as the coordination bond between Zn<SUP>2+</SUP> and the pyridine moiety. The formation of a 1:1 supramolecular complex of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> with PyC<SUB>60</SUB> (TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>−PyC<SUB>60</SUB>) was indicated in the UV−vis and <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectra in nonpolar solvents. The association constant of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> with PyC<SUB>60</SUB> (1.1 × 10<SUP>5</SUP> M<SUP>−1</SUP> in toluene) is much larger as compared with those of the corresponding monomer (MPZn) and dimer porphyrin (DPZn<SUB>2</SUB>). The dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> to PyC<SUB>60</SUB> was examined by laser flash photolysis measurements. The efficient intracomplex photoinduced electron transfer in TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>−PyC<SUB>60</SUB> occurred in nonpolar solvents, resulting from the π−π interactions between the porphyrin and fullerene moieties, together with intramolecular π-bond formation between the porphyrin radical cation and the neutral porphyrin in TPZn<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>•+</SUP>.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2010/jacsat.2010.132.issue-12/ja100192x/production/images/medium/ja-2010-00192x_0019.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja100192x'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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